Abstract
The study assessed Trichoderma spp. as a biocontrol agent for managing wilt-nematode complex in tomato crops, aiming to mitigate yield losses. Fusarium sp. and Meloidogyne sp. were isolated from infected plant samples and confirmed molecularly and morphologically as Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici and Meloidogyne incognita. Four Trichoderma spp. procured from the Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India were identified molecularly as Trichoderma asperellum (Tv1), Trichoderma asperelloides (Tasd1), Trichoderma harzianum (Th1), and Trichoderma koningiopsis (Tk1) utilizing ITS and TEF1 primer pairs. Among them, Tv1 effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of pathogen isolates. Furthermore, crude metabolite of Tv1 exhibited similar effects. The mortality rate of M. incognita J2s ranged from 90.48% to 100% after 24-72 h of incubation and inhibition percentage of egg hatching reached 90.20%. The shoot length, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of the tomato plants treated with Tv1 conidia were increased. In a pot experiment, Tv1 treatment reduced disease incidence by 64.57%, comparable to carbendazim treatment (82.32%). Tv1-treated plants had fewer root galls, egg masses, and J2s per 100 g of roots than the inoculated-untreated control plants. The root-knot index (RKI) was significantly lower in plants treated with carbafuran (1.98 ± 0.047) and Tv1 (3.06 ± 0.086) than in control (4.47 ± 0.109). The bio-control efficiency of Tv1 against M. incognita was 21.04%, and the nematodes' reproductive factor (RF) declined to 0.53 in Tv1 treatment group. Based on the findings above, it was established that Tv1 effectively controlled nematode populations and wilt disease when applied in soil.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium and Meloidogyne from infected tomato were identified as F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici and M. incognita.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersicie0pathogen - Second interactor
- Meloidogyne incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae0pathogen - Outcome
- confirmed molecularly and morphologicallye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium sp. and Meloidogyne sp. were isolated from infected plant samples and confirmed molecularly and morphologically as Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici and Meloidogyne incognita”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Four Trichoderma isolates were identified molecularly.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma asperellum (Tv1)
Trichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- identified molecularlye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma asperellum (Tv1), Trichoderma asperelloides (Tasd1), Trichoderma harzianum (Th1), and Trichoderma koningiopsis (Tk1)”
t0“Tomato”
e1“were identified molecularly as Trichoderma asperellum (Tv1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tv1 inhibited pathogen mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Tv1e0
- Interactor
- pathogen isolatese0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Tv1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of pathogen isolatese0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tv1 effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of pathogen isolates”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Crude Tv1 metabolite likewise inhibited pathogen mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- crude metabolite of Tv1e0
- Second interactor
- Tv1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of pathogen isolatese1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crude metabolite of Tv1 exhibited similar effects”
t0“Tomato”
e1“Tv1 effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of pathogen isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
Tv1 metabolites caused 90.48% to 100% mortality in M. incognita J2 after 24 to 72 hours.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Tv1e1
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Outcome
- mortality rate of M. incognita J2se0
- Value
- 90.48% to 100%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mortality rate of M. incognita J2s ranged from 90.48% to 100% after 24-72 h of incubation”
t0“Tomato”
e1“Trichoderma asperellum (Tv1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Egg hatching inhibition reached 90.20%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Tv1e1
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae2pathogent0
- Outcome
- inhibition percentage of egg hatchinge0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 90.20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inhibition percentage of egg hatching reached 90.20%”
t0“Tomato”
e1“Trichoderma asperellum (Tv1)”
e2“The mortality rate of M. incognita J2s ranged from 90.48% to 100%”
Claim · model-written summary
Tv1 conidia increased tomato shoot and root length and fresh and dry weight.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Tv1 conidiae0
- Interactor
- Tv1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- shoot length, root length, fresh weight, and dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The shoot length, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of the tomato plants treated with Tv1 conidia were increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Tv1 reduced disease incidence by 64.57%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Tv1 treatmente0
- Interactor
- Tv1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 64.57%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tv1 treatment reduced disease incidence by 64.57%”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbendazim reduced disease incidence by 82.32%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- carbendazim treatmente0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee1
- Value
- 82.32%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“comparable to carbendazim treatment (82.32%)”
t0“Tomato”
e1“Tv1 treatment reduced disease incidence by 64.57%”
Claim · model-written summary
Tv1 tomato plants had fewer root galls, egg masses and J2 than inoculated untreated controls.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Tv1-treatede0
- Interactor
- J2se0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Tv1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- root galls, egg masses, and J2s per 100 g of rootse0
- Direction
- fewere0
- Comparator
- inoculated-untreated control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tv1-treated plants had fewer root galls, egg masses, and J2s per 100 g of roots than the inoculated-untreated control plants”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbafuran lowered the root-knot index to 1.98 ± 0.047 from 4.47 ± 0.109.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- carbafurane0
- Outcome
- root-knot index (RKI)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 1.98 ± 0.047e0
- Qualifier
- 4.47 ± 0.109e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root-knot index (RKI) was significantly lower in plants treated with carbafuran (1.98 ± 0.047) and Tv1 (3.06 ± 0.086) than in control (4.47 ± 0.109)”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Tv1 lowered the root-knot index to 3.06 ± 0.086 from 4.47 ± 0.109.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Tv1e0
- Interactor
- Tv1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- root-knot index (RKI)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 3.06 ± 0.086e0
- Qualifier
- 4.47 ± 0.109e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root-knot index (RKI) was significantly lower in plants treated with carbafuran (1.98 ± 0.047) and Tv1 (3.06 ± 0.086) than in control (4.47 ± 0.109)”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Tv1 biocontrol efficiency against M. incognita was 21.04%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Tv1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- bio-control efficiency of Tv1 against M. incognitae0
- Value
- 21.04%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bio-control efficiency of Tv1 against M. incognita was 21.04%”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
M. incognita reproductive factor declined to 0.53 with Tv1.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Tv1 treatmente0
- Second interactor
- Tv1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- nematodes' reproductive factor (RF)e0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 0.53e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nematodes' reproductive factor (RF) declined to 0.53 in Tv1 treatment group”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded soil applied Tv1 controlled nematode populations and wilt disease.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Tv1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- controlled nematode populations and wilt disease when applied in soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tv1 effectively controlled nematode populations and wilt disease when applied in soil”
t0“Tomato”
The same questions in other papers
carbendazim · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
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- negative
- positive
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See all 18 papers →metabolite · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.