Abstract
Iron (Fe) is widely recognized as a critical factor in limiting crop production; however, eco-friendly strategies to address its deficiency are still required. The use of biostimulants has displayed promising results in mitigating Fe deficiency. Our hypothesis was that the combined application of two biostimulants with distinct molecular structures - fulvic acid (FA) and protein hydrolysate (PH) - could be more effective than the use of a single compound. The simultaneous presence of FA and PH (MIX) in a Fe-free nutrient solution led to a redistribution of endogenous Fe, resulting in a higher leaf SPAD index. Furthermore, the addition of FeCl 3 as a Fe source (resupply) in MIX-treated plants enhanced the biostimulant effect, as evidenced by increased dry root and shoot weight and a more developed root system. In addition, the expression of Strategy-I-related genes, CsFRO1 and CsIRT1 , remained elevated. These effects can be attributed to improved interaction between the roots and biostimulants through the formation of the FA-PH complex, as demonstrated by circular dichroism and isothermal titration calorimetry analyses. • a mix of biostimulants (FA and PH) enhances cucumber responses to Fe deficiency • the interaction between FA and PH is energetically favourable and entropy-driven • the interaction gives rise to a compound with new molecular properties • the mix can be an environmentally friendly strategy to cope with Fe deficiency
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fulvic acid and protein hydrolysate redistributed endogenous iron in cucumber under iron deficiency.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- FA and PH (MIX)e0
- Outcome
- redistribution of endogenous Fee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The simultaneous presence of FA and PH (MIX) in a Fe-free nutrient solution led to a redistribution of endogenous Fe”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment increased cucumber leaf SPAD index under iron deficiency.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- FA and PH (MIX)e0
- Outcome
- leaf SPAD indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The simultaneous presence of FA and PH (MIX) in a Fe-free nutrient solution led to a redistribution of endogenous Fe, resulting in a higher leaf SPAD index”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron resupply to mix-treated cucumber increased dry root and shoot weight.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- addition of FeCl 3e0
- Outcome
- dry root and shoot weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of FeCl 3 as a Fe source (resupply) in MIX-treated plants enhanced the biostimulant effect, as evidenced by increased dry root and shoot weight”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron resupply to mix-treated cucumber produced a more developed root system.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- addition of FeCl 3e0
- Outcome
- root systeme0
- Direction
- more developede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of FeCl 3 as a Fe source (resupply) in MIX-treated plants enhanced the biostimulant effect, as evidenced by increased dry root and shoot weight and a more developed root system”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Strategy-I-related gene expression remained elevated in treated cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Gene
- CsFRO1 and CsIRT1e0
- Outcome
- expression of Strategy-I-related genese0
- Direction
- remained elevatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the expression of Strategy-I-related genes, CsFRO1 and CsIRT1 , remained elevated”
t0“cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Fulvic acid and protein hydrolysate formed a complex with new molecular properties.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- formation of the FA-PH complexe0
- Qualifier
- FA-PH complexe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the formation of the FA-PH complex, as demonstrated by circular dichroism and isothermal titration calorimetry analyses”
t0“cucumber”
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