Abstract
Agricultural water scarcity has become a global issue. Optimizing irrigation water quality and effectively utilizing non-conventional water resources are essential strategies to alleviate pressure on agricultural water use and achieve sustainable development. This study employed Italian lettuce as the test crop to explore the effects of magnetization treatment (M) at a magnetic field strength of 0.2 T and various irrigation water sources (T) on its growth. The following six treatments were established: fresh water irrigation (M0T1), recycled water irrigation (M0T2), saline water irrigation (M0T3), magnetized fresh water irrigation (M1T1), magnetized recycled water irrigation (M1T2), and magnetized saline water irrigation (M1T3). The results showed that the magnetization treatment increased the electrical conductivity (EC), power of hydrogen (pH), and dissolved oxygen (DO) of the three water sources compared to the non-magnetized treatment. Furthermore, magnetized irrigation with fresh water, recycled water, and saline water increased the contents of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in lettuce. It also led to increases in the contents of soluble proteins (by 9.27% to 22.25%), soluble sugars (by 13.45% to 20.50%), and vitamin C (VitC) (by 4.18% to 19.33%) in lettuce. Additionally, it enhanced the above-ground fresh weight of lettuce (by 9.36% to 8.81%) and water productivity (WPc) (by 5.85% to 10.40%), while reducing water consumption. Among these treatments, magnetized fresh water irrigation was the most effective in improving quality, fresh weight, and WPc, followed by magnetized recycled water. Gene expression analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily enriched in metabolic pathways such as the MAPK signaling pathway—plant, phytohormone signaling, and cysteine and methionine metabolism. In summary, magnetized irrigation significantly enhanced DO levels in irrigation water, along with the fresh weight, quality, and WPc of lettuce, demonstrating its effectiveness as an efficient method for agricultural irrigation.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Magnetization increased electrical conductivity, pH and dissolved oxygen of the water sources.
- Treatment
- magnetization treatmente0
- Outcome
- electrical conductivity (EC), power of hydrogen (pH), and dissolved oxygen (DO)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-magnetized treatmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“magnetization treatment increased the electrical conductivity (EC), power of hydrogen (pH), and dissolved oxygen (DO) of the three water sources compared to the non-magnetized treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnetized irrigation increased lettuce nitrogen, potassium and calcium contents.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Treatment
- magnetized irrigation with fresh water, recycled water, and saline watere0
- Outcome
- nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“magnetized irrigation with fresh water, recycled water, and saline water increased the contents of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnetized irrigation increased lettuce magnesium content.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- magnetized irrigation with fresh water, recycled water, and saline watere0
- Outcome
- magnesium (Mg)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“magnetized irrigation with fresh water, recycled water, and saline water increased the contents of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnetized irrigation increased soluble protein content by 9.27% to 22.25%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- soluble proteinse0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 9.27% to 22.25%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases in the contents of soluble proteins (by 9.27% to 22.25%), soluble sugars (by 13.45% to 20.50%), and vitamin C (VitC) (by 4.18% to 19.33%) in lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnetized irrigation increased soluble sugar content by 13.45% to 20.50%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 13.45% to 20.50%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases in the contents of soluble proteins (by 9.27% to 22.25%), soluble sugars (by 13.45% to 20.50%), and vitamin C (VitC) (by 4.18% to 19.33%) in lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnetized irrigation increased vitamin C content by 4.18% to 19.33%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- vitamin C (VitC)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 4.18% to 19.33%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases in the contents of soluble proteins (by 9.27% to 22.25%), soluble sugars (by 13.45% to 20.50%), and vitamin C (VitC) (by 4.18% to 19.33%) in lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnetized irrigation increased above-ground fresh weight by a reported 9.36% to 8.81%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- above-ground fresh weight of lettucee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 9.36% to 8.81%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced the above-ground fresh weight of lettuce (by 9.36% to 8.81%) and water productivity (WPc) (by 5.85% to 10.40%), while reducing water consumption”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnetized irrigation increased water productivity by 5.85% to 10.40%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Outcome
- water productivity (WPc)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 5.85% to 10.40%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced the above-ground fresh weight of lettuce (by 9.36% to 8.81%) and water productivity (WPc) (by 5.85% to 10.40%), while reducing water consumption”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnetized irrigation reduced water consumption.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“while reducing water consumption”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnetized fresh water was most effective for quality, fresh weight and water productivity, followed by recycled water.
- Treatment
- magnetized fresh water irrigatione0
- Outcome
- most effective in improving quality, fresh weight, and WPce0
- Comparator
- magnetized recycled watere0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“magnetized fresh water irrigation was the most effective in improving quality, fresh weight, and WPc, followed by magnetized recycled water”
Claim · model-written summary
Differentially expressed genes were enriched in MAPK, phytohormone and cysteine/methionine pathways.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily enriched in metabolic pathways such as the MAPK signaling pathway—plant, phytohormone signaling, and cysteine and methionine metabolism”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · nutrient: content · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →salinity · nutrient: content · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.