Abstract
Although corn is the most important and nitrogen (N)-fertilized crop, there is a lack of long-term data on the effects of organic and inorganic N fertilizers on the N balance and losses for corn systems under different tillage approaches. From 2012 to 2023, we assessed the effects of the N source on the grain yields from cultivated continuous corn receiving irrigation at a site with minimal erosion in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, and compared these effects to no-till (NT) and strip till (ST) systems receiving inorganic N. An N balance accounting for N and carbon (C) sequestration found a system nitrogen use efficiency (NUESys) for organic N fertilizer (manure) with a tillage of 86.6%, which was higher than the NUESys of 62.6% with inorganic N fertilizer (enhanced efficiency fertilizer, EEF). Conventional tillage with manure use is a good management practice that contributed to higher grain yields (2 of 11 years), C sequestration (p < 0.05), soil organic N content (p < 0.05), and soil phosphorus (P) content than inorganic N fertilizer with tillage (p < 0.05). The tilled systems, whether receiving organic or inorganic N fertilizer, had higher yields and grain N content than the NT and ST systems receiving inorganic N fertilizer (p < 0.05). The grain production of the cultivated system receiving organic N fertilizer did not decrease with time, while the yields of the cultivated system receiving inorganic N fertilizer decreased with time (p < 0.05), suggesting that cultivated systems receiving organic N fertilizer may be more sustainable and better able to adapt to a changing climate. Additionally, a combination of manure (30% of N input) with EEF (70% of N input) contributed to a synergistic effect that increased the agronomic productivity (harvested grain yields).
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Manure with tillage produced higher system nitrogen use efficiency than enhanced efficiency inorganic fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- organic N fertilizer (manure)e0
- Outcome
- system nitrogen use efficiency (NUESys)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 86.6%e0
- Qualifier
- 62.6%e0
- Comparator
- inorganic N fertilizer (enhanced efficiency fertilizer, EEF)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“system nitrogen use efficiency (NUESys) for organic N fertilizer (manure) with a tillage of 86.6%, which was higher than the NUESys of 62.6% with inorganic N fertilizer (enhanced efficiency fertilizer, EEF)”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure with conventional tillage increased grain yields in two of eleven years relative to inorganic fertilizer with tillage.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Conventional tillage with manure usee0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2 of 11 yearse0
- Comparator
- inorganic N fertilizer with tillagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage with manure use is a good management practice that contributed to higher grain yields (2 of 11 years), C sequestration (p < 0.05), soil organic N content (p < 0.05), and soil phosphorus (P) content than inorganic N fertilizer with tillage (p < 0.05)”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure with conventional tillage increased carbon sequestration relative to inorganic fertilizer with tillage.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Conventional tillage with manure usee0
- Outcome
- C sequestratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- inorganic N fertilizer with tillagee0
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage with manure use is a good management practice that contributed to higher grain yields (2 of 11 years), C sequestration (p < 0.05), soil organic N content (p < 0.05), and soil phosphorus (P) content than inorganic N fertilizer with tillage (p < 0.05)”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure with conventional tillage increased soil organic nitrogen content relative to inorganic fertilizer with tillage.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Conventional tillage with manure usee0
- Outcome
- soil organic N contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- inorganic N fertilizer with tillagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage with manure use is a good management practice that contributed to higher grain yields (2 of 11 years), C sequestration (p < 0.05), soil organic N content (p < 0.05), and soil phosphorus (P) content than inorganic N fertilizer with tillage (p < 0.05)”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure with conventional tillage increased soil phosphorus content relative to inorganic fertilizer with tillage.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Conventional tillage with manure usee0
- Outcome
- soil phosphorus (P) contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- inorganic N fertilizer with tillagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conventional tillage with manure use is a good management practice that contributed to higher grain yields (2 of 11 years), C sequestration (p < 0.05), soil organic N content (p < 0.05), and soil phosphorus (P) content than inorganic N fertilizer with tillage (p < 0.05)”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Tilled systems had higher yields than no-till and strip-till systems receiving inorganic nitrogen.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- tilled systemse0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- NT and ST systems receiving inorganic N fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The tilled systems, whether receiving organic or inorganic N fertilizer, had higher yields and grain N content than the NT and ST systems receiving inorganic N fertilizer (p < 0.05)”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Tilled systems had higher grain nitrogen content than no-till and strip-till systems receiving inorganic nitrogen.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- tilled systemse0
- Outcome
- grain N contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- NT and ST systems receiving inorganic N fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The tilled systems, whether receiving organic or inorganic N fertilizer, had higher yields and grain N content than the NT and ST systems receiving inorganic N fertilizer (p < 0.05)”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain production with organic nitrogen fertilizer did not decrease over time.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- organic N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- grain productione0
- Direction
- did not decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain production of the cultivated system receiving organic N fertilizer did not decrease with time”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Yields with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer decreased over time.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- inorganic N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yields of the cultivated system receiving inorganic N fertilizer decreased with time (p < 0.05)”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
A manure and enhanced efficiency fertilizer mixture increased harvested grain yields synergistically.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- combination of manure (30% of N input) with EEF (70% of N input)e0
- Outcome
- harvested grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a combination of manure (30% of N input) with EEF (70% of N input) contributed to a synergistic effect that increased the agronomic productivity (harvested grain yields)”
t0“Corn”
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