Abstract
Excessive fertilizer use and improper irrigation scheduling can accelerate soil degradation and increase the nitrogen leaching rate. This study, conducted at the Ambo Agricultural Research Center during the 2021/22 and 2022/23 irrigation seasons, aimed to identify optimal nitrogen fertilizer rates for wheat production under irrigation. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with three replications, utilizing a split-plot arrangement. The main plot tested three soil moisture depletion levels: 80%, 100%, and 120%, while the sub-plot involved five nitrogen levels with 0, 46, 69, 92, and 115 kg N/ha. Results showed that nitrogen levels significantly influenced grain yield, above-ground biomass, and water productivity but not the irrigation regimes or their interaction with nitrogen levels. The 115 kg N/ha rate produced the highest grain yield, 5213 kg/ha, and water productivity of 1.24 kg/m³, though these values were not significantly higher than those at 92 kg N/ha. Both 115 kg and 92 kg N/ha treatments significantly outperformed the 69 kg N/ha treatment and lower rates. Applying 120% allowable soil moisture depletion levels resulted in high net income and benefit-to-cost ratio values of 197,716.00 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) and 30.89%, respectively. At 120% allowable soil moisture depletion, the highest net income and benefit-cost ratio were observed (197,716 ETB and 30.89%, respectively). The 92 kg N/ha application resulted in the highest marginal rate of return (826.05%), well above the acceptable threshold of 100%, with a net income of 223,655 ETB. Based on grain yield, water productivity, and economic feasibility, we recommend applying 92 kg N/ha with 120% ASMDL for wheat production in this region.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen levels significantly influenced wheat grain yield, above-ground biomass and water productivity
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- nitrogen levelse1
- Outcome
- grain yield, above-ground biomass, and water productivitye1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat”
e1“nitrogen levels significantly influenced grain yield, above-ground biomass, and water productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation regimes did not significantly influence wheat grain yield, above-ground biomass or water productivity
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation regimese2
- Outcome
- grain yield, above-ground biomass, and water productivitye2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat”
e2“nitrogen levels significantly influenced grain yield, above-ground biomass, and water productivity but not the irrigation regimes or their interaction with nitrogen levels”
Claim · model-written summary
The 115 kg N/ha rate produced the highest wheat grain yield, 5213 kg/ha
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 115 kg N/hae3
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 5213 kg/hae3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat”
e3“The 115 kg N/ha rate produced the highest grain yield, 5213 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
The 115 kg N/ha rate gave water productivity of 1.24 kg/m³, a higher value
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 115 kg N/hae5
- Outcome
- water productivitye5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- 1.24 kg/m³e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat”
e5“The 115 kg N/ha rate produced the highest grain yield, 5213 kg/ha, and water productivity of 1.24 kg/m³, though these values were not significantly higher than those at 92 kg N/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
The 115 kg N/ha rate did not significantly increase wheat grain yield over 92 kg N/ha
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 115 kg N/hae5
- Outcome
- grain yielde5
- Direction
- not significantly highere5
- Comparator
- 92 kg N/hae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat”
e5“The 115 kg N/ha rate produced the highest grain yield, 5213 kg/ha, and water productivity of 1.24 kg/m³, though these values were not significantly higher than those at 92 kg N/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
The 115 kg N/ha rate did not significantly increase water productivity over 92 kg N/ha
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 115 kg N/hae5
- Outcome
- water productivitye5
- Direction
- not significantly highere5
- Comparator
- 92 kg N/hae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat”
e5“The 115 kg N/ha rate produced the highest grain yield, 5213 kg/ha, and water productivity of 1.24 kg/m³, though these values were not significantly higher than those at 92 kg N/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
The 115 and 92 kg N/ha treatments significantly outperformed 69 kg N/ha and lower rates
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 115 kg and 92 kg N/hae6
- Outcome
- significantly outperformede6
- Direction
- significantly outperformede6
- Comparator
- 69 kg N/ha treatment and lower ratese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat”
e6“Both 115 kg and 92 kg N/ha treatments significantly outperformed the 69 kg N/ha treatment and lower rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 120% allowable soil moisture depletion gave high net income of 197,716.00 ETB
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Applying 120% allowable soil moisture depletion levelse7
- Outcome
- net incomee7
- Direction
- highe7
- Value
- 197,716.00 Ethiopian Birr (ETB)e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat”
e7“Applying 120% allowable soil moisture depletion levels resulted in high net income and benefit-to-cost ratio values of 197,716.00 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) and 30.89%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 120% allowable soil moisture depletion gave high benefit-to-cost ratio of 30.89%
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Applying 120% allowable soil moisture depletion levelse7
- Outcome
- benefit-to-cost ratioe7
- Direction
- highe7
- Value
- 30.89%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat”
e7“Applying 120% allowable soil moisture depletion levels resulted in high net income and benefit-to-cost ratio values of 197,716.00 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) and 30.89%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 92 kg N/ha application gave the highest marginal rate of return, 826.05%, well above the 100% threshold
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 92 kg N/ha applicatione0
- Outcome
- marginal rate of returne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 826.05%e0
- Qualifier
- well above the acceptable threshold of 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat”
e0“The 92 kg N/ha application resulted in the highest marginal rate of return (826.05%), well above the acceptable threshold of 100%, with a net income of 223,655 ETB”
Claim · model-written summary
The 92 kg N/ha application gave net income of 223,655 ETB
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 92 kg N/ha applicatione0
- Outcome
- net incomee0
- Value
- 223,655 ETBe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat”
e0“The 92 kg N/ha application resulted in the highest marginal rate of return (826.05%), well above the acceptable threshold of 100%, with a net income of 223,655 ETB”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend applying 92 kg N/ha with 120% ASMDL for wheat production in this region
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- applying 92 kg N/ha with 120% ASMDLe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“we recommend applying 92 kg N/ha with 120% ASMDL for wheat production in this region”
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