Abstract
Copper (Cu)-based fungicides are widely used in agriculture, but excessive Cu accumulation in soils can pose risks to crop performance, particularly in perennial fruit crops like apples. This study evaluated the physiological responses of three apple varieties—Braeburn, Fuji, and Cripps Pink—under Cu concentrations ranging from 0 to 20 mg Cu kg⁻¹ using a callus media system. Key traits including the callus growth, fresh and dry weight, copper accumulation, tolerance index (TI), and bioaccumulation factor (BCF) were assessed. The results revealed that high Cu concentrations significantly inhibited the callus growth and biomass. Braeburn’s growth was notably reduced to 0.27 times the control at 15 mg Cu kg−1, and Fuji showed no growth at concentrations above 10 mg Cu kg−1. Cripps Pink displayed greater tolerance, maintaining growth even at 20 mg Cu kg−1. Copper accumulation peaked in Fuji at 4200 mg kg−1 at 20 mg Cu kg−1, while Cripps Pink’s BCF peaked at 120 under 15 mg Cu kg−1. The TI for Cripps Pink consistently exceeded 100% across all Cu levels, contrasting with Fuji’s TI, which dropped significantly at 15 mg Cu kg−1. These findings suggest that maintaining soil Cu levels below critical thresholds is essential to preserve varietal performance and inform Cu management practices in apple cultivation.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
High copper concentrations significantly inhibited apple callus growth and biomass
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- high Cu concentrationse1
- Outcome
- callus growth and biomasse1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Setting
- callus media systeme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Variety Performance”
e0“using a callus media system”
e1“The results revealed that high Cu concentrations significantly inhibited the callus growth and biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Braeburn callus growth was reduced to 0.27 times the control at 15 mg Cu kg−1
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Braeburne1
- Treatment
- 15 mg Cu kg−1e1
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 0.27 timese1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Variety Performance”
e1“Braeburn’s growth was notably reduced to 0.27 times the control at 15 mg Cu kg−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Fuji callus showed no growth at copper concentrations above 10 mg Cu kg−1
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Fujie1
- Treatment
- concentrations above 10 mg Cu kg−1e1
- Outcome
- growthe1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Variety Performance”
e1“Fuji showed no growth at concentrations above 10 mg Cu kg−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Cripps Pink maintained callus growth at 20 mg Cu kg−1, showing greater tolerance
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Cripps Pinke1
- Treatment
- 20 mg Cu kg−1e1
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Qualifier
- greater tolerancee1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Variety Performance”
e1“Cripps Pink displayed greater tolerance, maintaining growth even at 20 mg Cu kg−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper accumulation in Fuji callus peaked at 4200 mg kg−1 at 20 mg Cu kg−1
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Fujie1
- Outcome
- Copper accumulatione1
- Value
- 4200 mg kg−1e1
- Qualifier
- 20 mg Cu kg−1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Variety Performance”
e1“Copper accumulation peaked in Fuji at 4200 mg kg−1 at 20 mg Cu kg−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Cripps Pink bioaccumulation factor peaked at 120 under 15 mg Cu kg−1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Variety Performance”
e1“Cripps Pink’s BCF peaked at 120 under 15 mg Cu kg−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Cripps Pink tolerance index consistently exceeded 100% across all copper levels
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Cripps Pinke1
- Outcome
- TIe1
- Value
- 100%e1
- Qualifier
- across all Cu levelse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Variety Performance”
e1“The TI for Cripps Pink consistently exceeded 100% across all Cu levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Fuji tolerance index dropped significantly at 15 mg Cu kg−1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Variety Performance”
e1“contrasting with Fuji’s TI, which dropped significantly at 15 mg Cu kg−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Maintaining soil copper below critical thresholds is essential to preserve apple varietal performance
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Outcome
- varietal performancee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Variety Performance”
e1“These findings suggest that maintaining soil Cu levels below critical thresholds is essential to preserve varietal performance”
e2“inform Cu management practices in apple cultivation”
The same questions in other papers
copper atom · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.