Abstract
Conservation agriculture (CA) is changing the paradigm in production and productivity of maize-wheat system, but proper residue management and quantification, and application of nitrogen (N) are the main bottlenecks. In this context a field experiment was conducted in split plot design consisting of three crop establishment practices (CEPs) in main plots i.e., ZT with residue retention (ZT + R), zero tillage (ZT), conventional tillage (CT) and 4 N placement methods (NPMs) i.e., Control (only P and K applied), RDN: Recommended Dose of N (Band placement of 1/3rd N at sowing followed by surface placement of 1/3rd N during each at V6 (emerged six leaves with the complete collar visible) and tasselling stage, improved RDN (band placement of 1/3rd N as basal dose followed by 1/3rd nitrogen as subsurface placement at V6 stage followed by 1/3rd nitrogen as surface band placement at tasselling stage) and improved 80 % RDN (Band placement of 30 % N as basal followed by subsurface placement of 30 % N in maize (at V6 stage) and surface band placement of 20 % N in maize (at tasselling stage). The ZT + R treatment resulted in significantly higher plant height (6.61-7.02 %) and dry matter accumulation (DMA) (7.50-7.73 %) during different crop growth stages in maize compared to CT. The NPM involving subsurface placement of N at the V6 stage, that is, improved RDN, significantly increased plant height (2.37-2.73 %) and DMA (1.85-4.13 %) as compared to RDN during different crop growth stages. Significantly higher NDVI and lower CTD values were reported under ZT+R across crop growth stages over the years. ZT + R in combination with improved RDN resulted in significantly higher stover and biological yield by 10.40 and 10.10 %, respectively, as compared to CT with RDN. The improved 80 % RDN saved 20 % N to achieve the same level of productivity as the RDN, emphasising the role of the subsurface placement of nitrogen. Therefore, residue retention in ZT with improved RDN can enhance maize productivity in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and similar agro-ecologies. This research contributes to bridging the gap in nitrogen management under conservation agriculture.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
ZT + R significantly increased maize plant height versus CT by 6.61-7.02 %.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ZT + R treatment resulted in significantly higher plant height (6.61-7.02 %) and dry matter accumulation (DMA) (7.50-7.73 %) during different crop growth stages in maize compared to CT.”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT + R significantly increased maize dry matter accumulation versus CT by 7.50-7.73 %.
- Treatment
- ZT + Re0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulation (DMA)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 7.50-7.73 %e0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ZT + R treatment resulted in significantly higher plant height (6.61-7.02 %) and dry matter accumulation (DMA) (7.50-7.73 %) during different crop growth stages in maize compared to CT.”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved RDN significantly increased maize plant height versus RDN by 2.37-2.73 %.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NPM involving subsurface placement of N at the V6 stage, that is, improved RDN, significantly increased plant height (2.37-2.73 %) and DMA (1.85-4.13 %) as compared to RDN during different crop growth stages.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved RDN significantly increased maize DMA versus RDN by 1.85-4.13 %.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NPM involving subsurface placement of N at the V6 stage, that is, improved RDN, significantly increased plant height (2.37-2.73 %) and DMA (1.85-4.13 %) as compared to RDN during different crop growth stages.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT+R gave significantly higher NDVI across crop growth stages.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significantly higher NDVI and lower CTD values were reported under ZT+R across crop growth stages over the years.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT+R gave significantly lower CTD across crop growth stages.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significantly higher NDVI and lower CTD values were reported under ZT+R across crop growth stages over the years.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT + R with improved RDN increased stover yield by 10.40% versus CT with RDN.
- Treatment
- ZT + R in combination with improved RDNe0
- Outcome
- stovere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 10.40e0
- Comparator
- CT with RDNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZT + R in combination with improved RDN resulted in significantly higher stover and biological yield by 10.40 and 10.10 %, respectively, as compared to CT with RDN.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT + R with improved RDN increased biological yield by 10.10% versus CT with RDN.
- Treatment
- ZT + R in combination with improved RDNe0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 10.10 %e0
- Comparator
- CT with RDNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZT + R in combination with improved RDN resulted in significantly higher stover and biological yield by 10.40 and 10.10 %, respectively, as compared to CT with RDN.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved 80 % RDN saved 20 % N while achieving RDN productivity.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The improved 80 % RDN saved 20 % N to achieve the same level of productivity as the RDN, emphasising the role of the subsurface placement of nitrogen.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue retention in zero tillage with improved RDN is recommended to enhance maize productivity in the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore, residue retention in ZT with improved RDN can enhance maize productivity in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and similar agro-ecologies.”
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