Abstract
While diuron residues are being detected more frequently in agricultural soils, there is limited information available regarding their potential phytotoxicity to non-target grain crops. This study aims to determine robust phytotoxicity thresholds for three common, but contrasting, crop species (canola, chickpea, and wheat) exposed to a range of diuron concentrations and to determine how loamy sand soil can change the toxicity thresholds relative to an inert sand. The log-logistic non-linear regression model proved most effective in determining toxicity thresholds by analysing crop responses to diuron. Canola was the most sensitive to diuron in sand followed by wheat and chickpea. Diuron exhibits higher phytotoxicity in sand compared to loamy sand, with ED50 values (which is the dose at which diuron causes a 50% decrease in plant growth) of 0.03 mg kg-1 and 0.07 mg kg-1 for canola shoot biomass inhibition and 0.01 mg kg-1 and 0.06 mg kg-1 for root dry weight reduction, respectively. The ED50 values for wheat shoot biomass (0.11 and 0.24 mg kg-1) in sand and loamy sand, respectively, and the ED50 values for root growth inhibition are 0.14 mg kg-1 in sand and 0.19 mg kg-1 in loamy sand. These values were lower than label concentrations and previously estimated average and maximum diuron residue loads (0.17 and 0.29 mg kg-1) in Western Australia paddocks. The larger ED50 values of diuron in the loamy sand can be attributed to higher soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity that decreased bio-available diuron levels. Average diuron residue loads in Western Australia crop fields exceed the ED50 value emphasizes the need for careful planning of crop rotations to avoid crop phytotoxicity from soil-borne diuron residues. Further study is needed to determine the effect of a wider range of soil properties such as pH, clay content, and soil organic matter on the phytotoxicity risk of diuron to rotational crops.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Canola was the most sensitive of the three crops to diuron in sand.
- Taxon
- canola
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Brassica napus var. napust0 - Treatment
- diuron in sande1
- Outcome
- most sensitivee1
- Direction
- most sensitivee1
- Comparator
- wheat and chickpeae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“wheat, chickpea, and canola”
e1“Canola was the most sensitive to diuron in sand followed by wheat and chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The ED50 for canola shoot biomass inhibition in sand was 0.03 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napust0
- Outcome
- canola shoot biomass inhibitione2
- Value
- 0.03 mg kg-1e2
- Setting
- sande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat, chickpea, and canola”
e2“Diuron exhibits higher phytotoxicity in sand compared to loamy sand, with ED50 values (which is the dose at which diuron causes a 50% decrease in plant growth) of 0.03 mg kg-1 and 0.07 mg kg-1 for canola shoot biomass inhibition and 0.01 mg kg-1 and 0.06 mg kg-1 for root dry weight reduction, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The ED50 for canola shoot biomass inhibition in loamy sand was 0.07 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napust0
- Outcome
- canola shoot biomass inhibitione2
- Value
- 0.07 mg kg-1e2
- Setting
- loamy sande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat, chickpea, and canola”
e2“Diuron exhibits higher phytotoxicity in sand compared to loamy sand, with ED50 values (which is the dose at which diuron causes a 50% decrease in plant growth) of 0.03 mg kg-1 and 0.07 mg kg-1 for canola shoot biomass inhibition and 0.01 mg kg-1 and 0.06 mg kg-1 for root dry weight reduction, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The ED50 for canola root dry weight reduction in sand was 0.01 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napust0
- Outcome
- root dry weight reductione2
- Value
- 0.01 mg kg-1e2
- Setting
- sande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat, chickpea, and canola”
e2“Diuron exhibits higher phytotoxicity in sand compared to loamy sand, with ED50 values (which is the dose at which diuron causes a 50% decrease in plant growth) of 0.03 mg kg-1 and 0.07 mg kg-1 for canola shoot biomass inhibition and 0.01 mg kg-1 and 0.06 mg kg-1 for root dry weight reduction, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The ED50 for canola root dry weight reduction in loamy sand was 0.06 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napust0
- Outcome
- root dry weight reductione2
- Value
- 0.06 mg kg-1e2
- Setting
- loamy sande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat, chickpea, and canola”
e2“Diuron exhibits higher phytotoxicity in sand compared to loamy sand, with ED50 values (which is the dose at which diuron causes a 50% decrease in plant growth) of 0.03 mg kg-1 and 0.07 mg kg-1 for canola shoot biomass inhibition and 0.01 mg kg-1 and 0.06 mg kg-1 for root dry weight reduction, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The ED50 for wheat shoot biomass was 0.11 mg/kg in sand and 0.24 mg/kg in loamy sand.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- wheat shoot biomasse3
- Value
- 0.11 and 0.24 mg kg-1e3
- Setting
- sand and loamy sande3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat, chickpea, and canola”
e3“The ED50 values for wheat shoot biomass (0.11 and 0.24 mg kg-1) in sand and loamy sand, respectively, and the ED50 values for root growth inhibition are 0.14 mg kg-1 in sand and 0.19 mg kg-1 in loamy sand”
Claim · model-written summary
The ED50 for wheat root growth inhibition in sand was 0.14 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- root growth inhibitione3
- Value
- 0.14 mg kg-1e3
- Setting
- in sande3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat, chickpea, and canola”
e3“The ED50 values for wheat shoot biomass (0.11 and 0.24 mg kg-1) in sand and loamy sand, respectively, and the ED50 values for root growth inhibition are 0.14 mg kg-1 in sand and 0.19 mg kg-1 in loamy sand”
Claim · model-written summary
The ED50 for wheat root growth inhibition in loamy sand was 0.19 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- root growth inhibitione3
- Value
- 0.19 mg kg-1e3
- Setting
- in loamy sande3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat, chickpea, and canola”
e3“The ED50 values for wheat shoot biomass (0.11 and 0.24 mg kg-1) in sand and loamy sand, respectively, and the ED50 values for root growth inhibition are 0.14 mg kg-1 in sand and 0.19 mg kg-1 in loamy sand”
Claim · model-written summary
Diuron phytotoxicity was higher in sand than in loamy sand.
- Taxon
- wheat, chickpea, and canola
Cicer arietinumTriticum aestivumBrassica napus var. napust0 - Treatment
- diurone2
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- loamy sande2
- Setting
- in sande2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat, chickpea, and canola”
e2“Diuron exhibits higher phytotoxicity in sand compared to loamy sand, with ED50 values (which is the dose at which diuron causes a 50% decrease in plant growth) of 0.03 mg kg-1 and 0.07 mg kg-1 for canola shoot biomass inhibition and 0.01 mg kg-1 and 0.06 mg kg-1 for root dry weight reduction, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The larger ED50 values in loamy sand are attributed to higher soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity, which reduced bio-available diuron.
- Taxon
- wheat, chickpea, and canolaCicer arietinumTriticum aestivumBrassica napus var. napust0
- Outcome
- larger ED50 valuese5
- Qualifier
- higher soil organic matter and cation exchange capacitye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat, chickpea, and canola”
e5“The larger ED50 values of diuron in the loamy sand can be attributed to higher soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity that decreased bio-available diuron levels”
Claim · model-written summary
The ED50 values were lower than label concentrations and estimated average and maximum diuron residue loads in Western Australia paddocks.
- Taxon
- wheat, chickpea, and canolaCicer arietinumTriticum aestivumBrassica napus var. napust0
- Outcome
- These valuese4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Comparator
- label concentrationse4
- Setting
- Western Australia paddockse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat, chickpea, and canola”
e4“These values were lower than label concentrations and previously estimated average and maximum diuron residue loads (0.17 and 0.29 mg kg-1) in Western Australia paddocks”
Claim · model-written summary
Average diuron residue loads in Western Australia crop fields exceed the ED50 value, so crop rotations need careful planning to avoid phytotoxicity.
- Taxon
- wheat, chickpea, and canolaCicer arietinumTriticum aestivumBrassica napus var. napust0
- Outcome
- careful planning of crop rotationse6
- Qualifier
- Average diuron residue loads in Western Australia crop fields exceed the ED50 valuee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat, chickpea, and canola”
e6“Average diuron residue loads in Western Australia crop fields exceed the ED50 value emphasizes the need for careful planning of crop rotations to avoid crop phytotoxicity from soil-borne diuron residues”
Claim · model-written summary
The log-logistic non-linear regression model was the most effective of the models for determining diuron toxicity thresholds.
Schema note from the model: no other model is named; the ranking phrase is used as the comparator
Verbatim
e7“The log-logistic non-linear regression model proved most effective in determining toxicity thresholds by analysing crop responses to diuron”