Abstract
Summary Pre- and post-harvest spoilage of fruits due to microbial contamination leads to significant economic losses. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial and preservative potential of citrus essential oils (CEOs) extracted from the peels of lime (Citrus aurantifolia), lemon (Citrus limon), and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi). Microorganisms were isolated from apples, cucumbers, tomatoes and oranges using conventional microbiological methods. The in vivo antimicrobial activity of CEOs was assessed against microorganisms in apparently healthy oranges and apples. Bacillus cereus and Penicillium digitatum caused the largest lesions on fruits, with diameters ranging from 28 to 37 mm and 36 to 46 mm, respectively. Disease severity of 86.55% and 91.67 % was observed in the untreated oranges following inoculation with Bacillus cereus and Penicillium digitatum, respectively. The combination of CEOs, applied at a concentration of 100 mg/mL, effectively prevented disease occurrence in both apples and oranges. In contrast, the unpreserved apples and oranges had the highest fungal counts of 9.40 x 10 6 and 3.55 x 10 7 CFU/g, respectively. CEOs were found to extend the shelf life of fruits and preserve their quality without altering organoleptic properties. The bioactive compounds in CEOs can be extracted and utilized as preservative agents to mitigate microbial spoilage of fruits.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus cereus caused the largest lesions on fruits, 28 to 37 mm in diameter.
- Taxon
- fruitse1
- Interactor
- Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereuse1pathogen - Outcome
- largest lesionse1
- Value
- 28 to 37 mme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Bacillus cereus and Penicillium digitatum caused the largest lesions on fruits, with diameters ranging from 28 to 37 mm and 36 to 46 mm, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium digitatum caused the largest lesions on fruits, 36 to 46 mm in diameter.
- Taxon
- fruitse1
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatum
Penicillium digitatume1pathogen - Outcome
- largest lesionse1
- Value
- 36 to 46 mme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Bacillus cereus and Penicillium digitatum caused the largest lesions on fruits, with diameters ranging from 28 to 37 mm and 36 to 46 mm, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated oranges reached 86.55% disease severity after inoculation with Bacillus cereus.
- Taxon
- orangese2
- Treatment
- inoculatione2
- Interactor
- Bacillus cereusBacillus cereuse2pathogen
- Outcome
- Disease severitye2
- Value
- 86.55%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Disease severity of 86.55% and 91.67 % was observed in the untreated oranges following inoculation with Bacillus cereus and Penicillium digitatum, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated oranges reached 91.67 % disease severity after inoculation with Penicillium digitatum.
- Taxon
- orangese2
- Treatment
- inoculatione2
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatumPenicillium digitatume2pathogen
- Outcome
- Disease severitye2
- Value
- 91.67 %e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Disease severity of 86.55% and 91.67 % was observed in the untreated oranges following inoculation with Bacillus cereus and Penicillium digitatum, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of CEOs at 100 mg/mL effectively prevented disease occurrence in apples.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae3 - Treatment
- combination of CEOs, applied at a concentration of 100 mg/mLe3
- Outcome
- disease occurrencee3
- Direction
- preventede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The combination of CEOs, applied at a concentration of 100 mg/mL, effectively prevented disease occurrence in both apples and oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of CEOs at 100 mg/mL effectively prevented disease occurrence in oranges.
- Taxon
- orangese3
- Treatment
- combination of CEOs, applied at a concentration of 100 mg/mLe3
- Outcome
- disease occurrencee3
- Direction
- preventede3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e3“The combination of CEOs, applied at a concentration of 100 mg/mL, effectively prevented disease occurrence in both apples and oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Unpreserved apples had the highest fungal count, 9.40 x 10 6 CFU/g.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae4
- Outcome
- fungal countse4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 9.40 x 10 6e4
- Qualifier
- unpreservede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In contrast, the unpreserved apples and oranges had the highest fungal counts of 9.40 x 10 6 and 3.55 x 10 7 CFU/g, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Unpreserved oranges had the highest fungal count, 3.55 x 10 7 CFU/g.
Verbatim
e4“In contrast, the unpreserved apples and oranges had the highest fungal counts of 9.40 x 10 6 and 3.55 x 10 7 CFU/g, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
CEOs extended the shelf life of fruits.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e5“CEOs were found to extend the shelf life of fruits and preserve their quality without altering organoleptic properties”
Claim · model-written summary
CEOs preserved fruit quality without altering organoleptic properties.
- Taxon
- fruitse5
- Treatment
- CEOse5
- Outcome
- qualitye5
- Direction
- preservee5
- Qualifier
- without altering organoleptic propertiese5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e5“CEOs were found to extend the shelf life of fruits and preserve their quality without altering organoleptic properties”
Claim · model-written summary
Citrus essential oil bioactive compounds can be used as preservatives to mitigate microbial spoilage of fruits.
Verbatim
e6“The bioactive compounds in CEOs can be extracted and utilized as preservative agents to mitigate microbial spoilage of fruits”
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