Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the foremost phytotoxic elements. Its proportion in agricultural soil is increasing critically due to anthropogenic activities. Cd stress is a major crop production threat affecting food security globally. Triacontanol (TRIA) is a phytohormone that promotes growth, development, and metabolic processes in plants. The current study explicates the mitigation of Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings through the application of TRIA by a seed priming technique under Cd stress. The role of TRIA in improving metabolic processes to promote Vigna radiata (mung bean, green gram) vegetative growth and performance under both stressed and unstressed conditions was examined during this study. To accomplish this, three doses of TRIA (10, 20, and 30 µmol L−1) were used to pretreat V. radiata seeds before they were allowed to grow for 40 days in soil contaminated with 20 mg kg−1 Cd. Cd stress lowered seed germination, morphological growth, and biomass in V. radiata plants. The maximum root and shoot lengths, fresh and dry weights of roots, and shoot and seed germination rates were recorded for TRIA2 compared with those of TRIA1 and TRIA3 under Cd stress. In Cd-stressed V. radiata plants, TRIA2 increased the content of chlorophyll a (2.1-fold) and b (3.1-fold), carotenoid (4.3-fold), total chlorophyll (3.1-fold), and gas exchange attributes, such as the photosynthetic rate (2.9-fold), stomatal conductance (6.0-fold), and transpiration rate (3.5-fold), compared with those in plants treated with only Cd. TRIA seed priming increased nutrient uptake (K1+, Na1+, Mg2+, and Zn2+), total phenolic content, total soluble protein content, and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity. Additionally, TRIA2 significantly reduced the quantity of Cd in the plants (3.0-fold) and increased the metal tolerance index (6.6-fold) in plants contrasted with those in the Cd-treated plants. However, TRIA2 promoted plant growth and biomass production by lowering Cd-induced stress through modifying the plant antioxidant machinery and reducing oxidative stress. The improved yield characteristics of V. radiata seedlings treated with TRIA suggest that exogenous TRIA may be used to increase plant tolerance to Cd stress.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress lowered seed germination, morphological growth and biomass in V. radiata.
- Taxon
- V. radiata
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Vigna radiatae1 - Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- seed germination, morphological growth, and biomasse1
- Direction
- lowerede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Cd stress lowered seed germination, morphological growth, and biomass in V. radiata plants”
Claim · model-written summary
TRIA2 gave the maximum root and shoot lengths under Cd stress compared with TRIA1 and TRIA3.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- TRIA2e1
- Outcome
- root and shoot lengthse1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Qualifier
- under Cd stresse1
- Comparator
- TRIA1 and TRIA3e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings”
e1“The maximum root and shoot lengths, fresh and dry weights of roots, and shoot and seed germination rates were recorded for TRIA2 compared with those of TRIA1 and TRIA3 under Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
TRIA2 gave the maximum fresh and dry weights of roots under Cd stress compared with TRIA1 and TRIA3.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- TRIA2e1
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weights of rootse1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Qualifier
- under Cd stresse1
- Comparator
- TRIA1 and TRIA3e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings”
e1“The maximum root and shoot lengths, fresh and dry weights of roots, and shoot and seed germination rates were recorded for TRIA2 compared with those of TRIA1 and TRIA3 under Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
TRIA2 gave the maximum shoot and seed germination rates under Cd stress compared with TRIA1 and TRIA3.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- TRIA2e1
- Outcome
- shoot and seed germination ratese1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Qualifier
- under Cd stresse1
- Comparator
- TRIA1 and TRIA3e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings”
e1“The maximum root and shoot lengths, fresh and dry weights of roots, and shoot and seed germination rates were recorded for TRIA2 compared with those of TRIA1 and TRIA3 under Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
TRIA2 increased the chlorophyll a content (2.1-fold) of Cd-stressed V. radiata compared with Cd-only plants.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- TRIA2e1
- Outcome
- content of chlorophyll ae1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 2.1-folde1
- Comparator
- plants treated with only Cde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings”
e1“In Cd-stressed V. radiata plants, TRIA2 increased the content of chlorophyll a (2.1-fold) and b (3.1-fold), carotenoid (4.3-fold), total chlorophyll (3.1-fold), and gas exchange attributes, such as the photosynthetic rate (2.9-fold), stomatal conductance (6.0-fold), and transpiration rate (3.5-fold), compared with those in plants treated with only Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
TRIA2 increased chlorophyll b content (3.1-fold) of Cd-stressed V. radiata compared with Cd-only plants.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- TRIA2e1
- Outcome
- content of chlorophyll a (2.1-fold) and be1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 3.1-folde1
- Comparator
- plants treated with only Cde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings”
e1“In Cd-stressed V. radiata plants, TRIA2 increased the content of chlorophyll a (2.1-fold) and b (3.1-fold), carotenoid (4.3-fold), total chlorophyll (3.1-fold), and gas exchange attributes, such as the photosynthetic rate (2.9-fold), stomatal conductance (6.0-fold), and transpiration rate (3.5-fold), compared with those in plants treated with only Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
TRIA2 increased carotenoid content (4.3-fold) of Cd-stressed V. radiata compared with Cd-only plants.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- TRIA2e1
- Outcome
- carotenoide1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 4.3-folde1
- Comparator
- plants treated with only Cde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings”
e1“In Cd-stressed V. radiata plants, TRIA2 increased the content of chlorophyll a (2.1-fold) and b (3.1-fold), carotenoid (4.3-fold), total chlorophyll (3.1-fold), and gas exchange attributes, such as the photosynthetic rate (2.9-fold), stomatal conductance (6.0-fold), and transpiration rate (3.5-fold), compared with those in plants treated with only Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
TRIA2 increased total chlorophyll (3.1-fold) of Cd-stressed V. radiata compared with Cd-only plants.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- TRIA2e1
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 3.1-folde1
- Comparator
- plants treated with only Cde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings”
e1“In Cd-stressed V. radiata plants, TRIA2 increased the content of chlorophyll a (2.1-fold) and b (3.1-fold), carotenoid (4.3-fold), total chlorophyll (3.1-fold), and gas exchange attributes, such as the photosynthetic rate (2.9-fold), stomatal conductance (6.0-fold), and transpiration rate (3.5-fold), compared with those in plants treated with only Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
TRIA2 increased the photosynthetic rate (2.9-fold) of Cd-stressed V. radiata compared with Cd-only plants.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- TRIA2e1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 2.9-folde1
- Comparator
- plants treated with only Cde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings”
e1“In Cd-stressed V. radiata plants, TRIA2 increased the content of chlorophyll a (2.1-fold) and b (3.1-fold), carotenoid (4.3-fold), total chlorophyll (3.1-fold), and gas exchange attributes, such as the photosynthetic rate (2.9-fold), stomatal conductance (6.0-fold), and transpiration rate (3.5-fold), compared with those in plants treated with only Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
TRIA2 increased stomatal conductance (6.0-fold) of Cd-stressed V. radiata compared with Cd-only plants.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- TRIA2e1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 6.0-folde1
- Comparator
- plants treated with only Cde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings”
e1“In Cd-stressed V. radiata plants, TRIA2 increased the content of chlorophyll a (2.1-fold) and b (3.1-fold), carotenoid (4.3-fold), total chlorophyll (3.1-fold), and gas exchange attributes, such as the photosynthetic rate (2.9-fold), stomatal conductance (6.0-fold), and transpiration rate (3.5-fold), compared with those in plants treated with only Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
TRIA2 increased transpiration rate (3.5-fold) of Cd-stressed V. radiata compared with Cd-only plants.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- TRIA2e1
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 3.5-folde1
- Comparator
- plants treated with only Cde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings”
e1“In Cd-stressed V. radiata plants, TRIA2 increased the content of chlorophyll a (2.1-fold) and b (3.1-fold), carotenoid (4.3-fold), total chlorophyll (3.1-fold), and gas exchange attributes, such as the photosynthetic rate (2.9-fold), stomatal conductance (6.0-fold), and transpiration rate (3.5-fold), compared with those in plants treated with only Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
TRIA seed priming increased nutrient uptake (K1+, Na1+, Mg2+, Zn2+) in V. radiata.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- TRIA seed priminge2
- Outcome
- nutrient uptake (K1+, Na1+, Mg2+, and Zn2+)e2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings”
e2“TRIA seed priming increased nutrient uptake (K1+, Na1+, Mg2+, and Zn2+), total phenolic content, total soluble protein content, and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
TRIA seed priming increased total phenolic content, total soluble protein content and DPPH activity in V. radiata.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- TRIA seed priminge2
- Outcome
- total phenolic content, total soluble protein content, and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings”
e2“TRIA seed priming increased nutrient uptake (K1+, Na1+, Mg2+, and Zn2+), total phenolic content, total soluble protein content, and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
TRIA2 reduced the quantity of Cd in V. radiata plants (3.0-fold) compared with Cd-treated plants.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- TRIA2e3
- Outcome
- quantity of Cde3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 3.0-folde3
- Comparator
- Cd-treated plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings”
e3“TRIA2 significantly reduced the quantity of Cd in the plants (3.0-fold) and increased the metal tolerance index (6.6-fold) in plants contrasted with those in the Cd-treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
TRIA2 increased the metal tolerance index (6.6-fold) of V. radiata compared with Cd-treated plants.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- TRIA2e3
- Outcome
- metal tolerance indexe3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 6.6-folde3
- Comparator
- Cd-treated plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings”
e3“TRIA2 significantly reduced the quantity of Cd in the plants (3.0-fold) and increased the metal tolerance index (6.6-fold) in plants contrasted with those in the Cd-treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
TRIA2 promoted plant growth and biomass under Cd stress by lowering Cd-induced stress through antioxidant modification and reduced oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- Vigna radiataVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- TRIA2e4
- Outcome
- plant growth and biomass productione4
- Qualifier
- by lowering Cd-induced stress through modifying the plant antioxidant machinery and reducing oxidative stresse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings”
e4“TRIA2 promoted plant growth and biomass production by lowering Cd-induced stress through modifying the plant antioxidant machinery and reducing oxidative stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous TRIA may be used to increase plant tolerance to Cd stress.
- Taxon
- V. radiataVigna radiatae5
- Outcome
- exogenous TRIA may be used to increase plant tolerance to Cd stresse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The improved yield characteristics of V. radiata seedlings treated with TRIA suggest that exogenous TRIA may be used to increase plant tolerance to Cd stress”
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