Abstract
Broccoli is considered a highly valuable vegetable due to its significant enrichment with health-promoting biochemicals. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the responses of broccoli plants to different concentrations of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) applied via foliar spray and organic fertilizer (OF) applied to the soil. The results revealed that 40 mg/L TiO2NPs had the greatest effect on leaf dry matter (16.38%), total polyphenolic content (39.77 μg GAE/g FM), nitrogen (1.93%), and phosphorus content (0.35%) compared to the control and other treatments. OF applied at 30 L/ha improved the chlorophyll content (1.99 μg/g FM). Furthermore, vegetative and root growth, fruit characteristics, and potassium content were significantly influenced by the interaction of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 15 L/ha OF. The combination of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 30 L/ha OF resulted in the most significant increase in root diameter (8.77 mm), chlorophyll b (0.40 μg/g FM), carotenoid (0.50 μg/g FM), and total flavonoid content (4.56 μg QE/g FM) compared to control plants and single effect of TiO2NPs and OF. The combination of 40 mg/L TiO2NPs with 15 L/ha OF increased the number of roots (21.84), and 40 mg/L TiO2NPs with 30 L/ha OF significantly increased total soluble solids (7.85°Brix) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (5.12 μg/g FM). This study established that TiO2NPs were more effective for enhancing broccoli plant growth when applied in combination with OF and can be recommended for use in sustainable agriculture, particularly at the interaction of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 15 and 30 L/ha OF.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
40 mg/L TiO2NPs had the greatest effect on broccoli leaf dry matter compared with control and other treatments.
- Taxon
- broccoli
Brassica oleracea var. italicat0 - Treatment
- 40 mg/L TiO2NPse0
- Outcome
- leaf dry mattere0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 16.38%e0
- Comparator
- the control and other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed that 40 mg/L TiO2NPs had the greatest effect on leaf dry matter (16.38%), total polyphenolic content (39.77 μg GAE/g FM), nitrogen (1.93%), and phosphorus content (0.35%) compared to the control and other treatments.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
40 mg/L TiO2NPs had the greatest effect on broccoli total polyphenolic content compared with control and other treatments.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- 40 mg/L TiO2NPse0
- Outcome
- total polyphenolic contente0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 39.77 μg GAE/g FMe0
- Comparator
- the control and other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed that 40 mg/L TiO2NPs had the greatest effect on leaf dry matter (16.38%), total polyphenolic content (39.77 μg GAE/g FM), nitrogen (1.93%), and phosphorus content (0.35%) compared to the control and other treatments.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
40 mg/L TiO2NPs had the greatest effect on broccoli nitrogen compared with control and other treatments.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- 40 mg/L TiO2NPse0
- Outcome
- nitrogene0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 1.93%e0
- Comparator
- the control and other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed that 40 mg/L TiO2NPs had the greatest effect on leaf dry matter (16.38%), total polyphenolic content (39.77 μg GAE/g FM), nitrogen (1.93%), and phosphorus content (0.35%) compared to the control and other treatments.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
40 mg/L TiO2NPs had the greatest effect on broccoli phosphorus content compared with control and other treatments.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- 40 mg/L TiO2NPse0
- Outcome
- phosphorus contente0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 0.35%e0
- Comparator
- the control and other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed that 40 mg/L TiO2NPs had the greatest effect on leaf dry matter (16.38%), total polyphenolic content (39.77 μg GAE/g FM), nitrogen (1.93%), and phosphorus content (0.35%) compared to the control and other treatments.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
30 L/ha organic fertilizer improved broccoli chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- OF applied at 30 L/hae0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 1.99 μg/g FMe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“OF applied at 30 L/ha improved the chlorophyll content (1.99 μg/g FM).”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
The interaction of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs and 15 L/ha OF significantly influenced broccoli vegetative and root growth.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- interaction of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 15 L/ha OFe0
- Outcome
- vegetative and root growthe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, vegetative and root growth, fruit characteristics, and potassium content were significantly influenced by the interaction of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 15 L/ha OF.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
The interaction of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs and 15 L/ha OF significantly influenced broccoli fruit characteristics.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- interaction of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 15 L/ha OFe0
- Outcome
- fruit characteristicse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, vegetative and root growth, fruit characteristics, and potassium content were significantly influenced by the interaction of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 15 L/ha OF.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
The interaction of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs and 15 L/ha OF significantly influenced broccoli potassium content.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- interaction of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 15 L/ha OFe0
- Outcome
- potassium contente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, vegetative and root growth, fruit characteristics, and potassium content were significantly influenced by the interaction of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 15 L/ha OF.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs and 30 L/ha OF most significantly increased broccoli root diameter compared with controls and single treatments.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- combination of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 30 L/ha OFe0
- Outcome
- root diametere0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 8.77 mme0
- Comparator
- control plants and single effect of TiO2NPs and OFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 30 L/ha OF resulted in the most significant increase in root diameter (8.77 mm), chlorophyll b (0.40 μg/g FM), carotenoid (0.50 μg/g FM), and total flavonoid content (4.56 μg QE/g FM) compared to control plants and single effect of TiO2NPs and OF.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs and 30 L/ha OF most significantly increased broccoli chlorophyll b compared with controls and single treatments.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- combination of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 30 L/ha OFe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 0.40 μg/g FMe0
- Comparator
- control plants and single effect of TiO2NPs and OFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 30 L/ha OF resulted in the most significant increase in root diameter (8.77 mm), chlorophyll b (0.40 μg/g FM), carotenoid (0.50 μg/g FM), and total flavonoid content (4.56 μg QE/g FM) compared to control plants and single effect of TiO2NPs and OF.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs and 30 L/ha OF most significantly increased broccoli carotenoid compared with controls and single treatments.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- combination of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 30 L/ha OFe0
- Outcome
- carotenoide0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 0.50 μg/g FMe0
- Comparator
- control plants and single effect of TiO2NPs and OFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 30 L/ha OF resulted in the most significant increase in root diameter (8.77 mm), chlorophyll b (0.40 μg/g FM), carotenoid (0.50 μg/g FM), and total flavonoid content (4.56 μg QE/g FM) compared to control plants and single effect of TiO2NPs and OF.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs and 30 L/ha OF most significantly increased broccoli total flavonoid content compared with controls and single treatments.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- combination of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 30 L/ha OFe0
- Outcome
- total flavonoid contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 4.56 μg QE/g FMe0
- Comparator
- control plants and single effect of TiO2NPs and OFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 30 L/ha OF resulted in the most significant increase in root diameter (8.77 mm), chlorophyll b (0.40 μg/g FM), carotenoid (0.50 μg/g FM), and total flavonoid content (4.56 μg QE/g FM) compared to control plants and single effect of TiO2NPs and OF.”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
combination of 40 mg/L TiO2NPs with 15 L/ha OF increased broccoli number of roots.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- combination of 40 mg/L TiO2NPs with 15 L/ha OFe0
- Outcome
- number of rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21.84e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of 40 mg/L TiO2NPs with 15 L/ha OF increased the number of roots (21.84), and 40 mg/L TiO2NPs with 30 L/ha OF significantly increased total soluble solids (7.85°Brix) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (5.12 μg/g FM).”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
40 mg/L TiO2NPs with 30 L/ha OF increased broccoli total soluble solids.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- 40 mg/L TiO2NPs with 30 L/ha OFe0
- Outcome
- total soluble solidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.85°Brixe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of 40 mg/L TiO2NPs with 15 L/ha OF increased the number of roots (21.84), and 40 mg/L TiO2NPs with 30 L/ha OF significantly increased total soluble solids (7.85°Brix) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (5.12 μg/g FM).”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
40 mg/L TiO2NPs with 30 L/ha OF increased broccoli DPPH free radical scavenging activity.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- 40 mg/L TiO2NPs with 30 L/ha OFe0
- Outcome
- DPPH free radical scavenging activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.12 μg/g FMe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of 40 mg/L TiO2NPs with 15 L/ha OF increased the number of roots (21.84), and 40 mg/L TiO2NPs with 30 L/ha OF significantly increased total soluble solids (7.85°Brix) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (5.12 μg/g FM).”
t0“broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2NPs were more effective for broccoli growth with OF.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- TiO2NPse0
- Outcome
- broccoli plant growthe0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Qualifier
- when applied in combination with OFe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TiO2NPs were more effective for enhancing broccoli plant growth when applied in combination with OF”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend TiO2NPs with OF for sustainable agriculture, particularly 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 15 or 30 L/ha OF.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- interaction of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 15 and 30 L/ha OFe0
- Outcome
- use in sustainable agriculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“can be recommended for use in sustainable agriculture, particularly at the interaction of 20 mg/L TiO2NPs with 15 and 30 L/ha OF.”
t0“broccoli”
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