Abstract
We investigated the effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on grain filling, starch accumulation, and endogenous hormones in maize (both the heat-tolerant maize variety Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) and the heat-sensitive variety Xianyu 335 (XY335)) under early post-anthesis high temperature stress by simulating high temperature stress for a period of 6 to 12 days post-anthesis in 2022 and 2023. There were three treatments: spraying water at ambient temperature as the control, spraying water at high temperature, and spraying ABA at high temperature. The results showed that early post-anthesis high temperature stress resulted in a significant reduction in grain weight and yield in maize, with XY335 showing a greater reduction than ZD958. The application of ABA mitigated the effects of high temperature stress on grain weight and yield, with the mean yield of ZD958 and XY335 over the two years being increased by 9.6% and 12.3%, respectively. High temperature stress inhibited the activities of enzymes involved in starch synthesis in the grain, resulting in reduced starch content. In contrast, ABA application after high temperature stress increased the activities of sucrose synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, granule-bound starch synthases, soluble starch synthase, and starch branching enzyme, thereby promoting starch accumulation. High temperature stress disturbed the balance of endogenous hormones in the grain, resulting in inhibition of grain filling, whereas ABA application mitigated the adverse effects of high temperature stress on endogenous hormone levels by increasing zeatin riboside, indole-3-acetic acid, and ABA levels and decreasing gibberellin level, which increased grain filling rate, prolonged filling duration, and improved filling characteristics. The grain filling characteristics, starch accumulation, endogenous hormone levels, and grain yield were more sensitive to exogenous ABA regulation in XY335 than in ZD958 under early post-anthesis high temperature stress. In conclusion, exogenous ABA could improve maize grain filling characteristics, promote starch accumulation, and regulate endogenous hormone levels, and ultimately increase grain weight and yield under early post-anthesis high temperature stress.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature significantly reduced grain weight.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early post-anthesis high temperature stress resulted in a significant reduction in grain weight and yield in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature significantly reduced grain yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early post-anthesis high temperature stress resulted in a significant reduction in grain weight and yield in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat caused a greater grain-weight and yield reduction in XY335 than ZD958.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“XY335 showing a greater reduction than ZD958”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA increased mean ZD958 yield by 9.6% under heat.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mean yield of ZD958 and XY335 over the two years being increased by 9.6% and 12.3%, respectively”
t0“maize”
e1“The application of ABA mitigated the effects of high temperature stress on grain weight and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA increased mean XY335 yield by 12.3% under heat.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mean yield of ZD958 and XY335 over the two years being increased by 9.6% and 12.3%, respectively”
t0“maize”
e1“The application of ABA mitigated the effects of high temperature stress on grain weight and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat inhibited starch-synthesis enzyme activities in grain.
- Organ / stage
- graine0
- Treatment
- High temperature stresse0
- Outcome
- activities of enzymes involved in starch synthesise0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High temperature stress inhibited the activities of enzymes involved in starch synthesis in the grain”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat reduced grain starch content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in reduced starch content”
t0“maize”
e1“High temperature stress inhibited the activities of enzymes involved in starch synthesis in the grain”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA increased sucrose synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and granule-bound starch synthase activities.
- Treatment
- ABA application after high temperature stresse0
- Outcome
- activities of sucrose synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, granule-bound starch synthasese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABA application after high temperature stress increased the activities of sucrose synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, granule-bound starch synthases, soluble starch synthase, and starch branching enzyme”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA increased soluble starch synthase and starch branching enzyme activities.
- Treatment
- ABA application after high temperature stresse0
- Outcome
- soluble starch synthase, and starch branching enzymee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABA application after high temperature stress increased the activities of sucrose synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, granule-bound starch synthases, soluble starch synthase, and starch branching enzyme”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA promoted starch accumulation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thereby promoting starch accumulation”
t0“maize”
e1“The application of ABA mitigated the effects of high temperature stress on grain weight and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat disturbed endogenous grain hormone balance.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High temperature stress disturbed the balance of endogenous hormones in the grain”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat inhibited grain filling.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in inhibition of grain filling”
t0“maize”
e1“High temperature stress inhibited the activities of enzymes involved in starch synthesis in the grain”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA increased zeatin riboside, indole-3-acetic acid and ABA levels.
- Treatment
- ABA applicatione1
- Outcome
- zeatin riboside, indole-3-acetic acid, and ABA levelse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing zeatin riboside, indole-3-acetic acid, and ABA levels”
t0“maize”
e1“ABA application after high temperature stress increased the activities of sucrose synthase”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA decreased gibberellin level.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreasing gibberellin level”
t0“maize”
e1“ABA application after high temperature stress increased the activities of sucrose synthase”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA increased grain filling rate.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which increased grain filling rate, prolonged filling duration, and improved filling characteristics”
t0“maize”
e1“ABA application after high temperature stress increased the activities of sucrose synthase”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA prolonged filling duration.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which increased grain filling rate, prolonged filling duration, and improved filling characteristics”
t0“maize”
e1“ABA application after high temperature stress increased the activities of sucrose synthase”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA improved filling characteristics.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which increased grain filling rate, prolonged filling duration, and improved filling characteristics”
t0“maize”
e1“ABA application after high temperature stress increased the activities of sucrose synthase”
Claim · model-written summary
XY335 responded more strongly than ZD958 to ABA across grain filling, starch, hormones and yield.
- Material
- XY335e0
- Outcome
- more sensitive to exogenous ABA regulatione0
- Direction
- more sensitivee0
- Comparator
- ZD958e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain filling characteristics, starch accumulation, endogenous hormone levels, and grain yield were more sensitive to exogenous ABA regulation in XY335 than in ZD958”
t0“maize”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.