Abstract
One challenging task to produce rice that comply with the increasing demanding regulations, is to reduce, simultaneously, grain bioaccumulation of As, Cd, and Pb. A 3-year field experiment was conducted in a Mediterranean environment, to evaluate the effects on As, Cd, and Pb bioaccumulation in rice grain, of the adoption of two levels of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation conditions: moderate and intensive (reflooding at −20 kPa and −70 kPa soil matric water potential, respectively), relative to the traditional permanent flood irrigation. Plots were prepared with or without a one-time holm oak biochar application (35 Mg ha −1 ), in the first year of the study. Arsenic bioaccumulation decreased in rice grain in the AWD systems, both total and inorganic (As Inorg ), with the lower values reached in the intensive AWD irrigation (0.131–0.151 mg kg −1 dry weight), when the drying conditions were more intense. For As, biochar contributed to a further reduction in the bioaccumulation in the first two years but lost its efficacy with the field aging after three years of its application. However, the transition to AWD irrigation led to a significant increase in Cd bioaccumulation in rice grain (21-fold increase in the more intensive system, whose values reached up to 0.127 mg kg −1 ), which can be counteracted by biochar application, to values statistically similar to those of permanent flooding. Contrariwise, the effects on Pb bioaccumulation were not so significant, but decreased with the transition to ADW irrigation, and with biochar application, relatively to the non-amended counterparts. Therefore, the implementation of intensive AWD with biochar represents a potentially fruitful strategy to enhance food safety of rice production, controlling, simultaneously, As, Cd, and Pb bioaccumulation. Nevertheless, new approaches need to be developed to attend the limits established for As Inorg to produce food for infants, even in uncontaminated soils. • Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) with biochar was evaluated in a 3-year field trial. • Both severity AWD irrigation regimes decreased soils' DTPA-extractable Pb. • Field aging of biochar did not affect its capacity to contribute to Pb immobilization. • Cd accumulation in rice using AWD can be avoided by the application of biochar to soil. • EU regulations for As inorg in rice for infants not attended in As non-contaminated soils.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate wetting and drying decreased total and inorganic arsenic in rice grain.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- AWD systemse0
- Outcome
- Arsenic bioaccumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arsenic bioaccumulation decreased in rice grain in the AWD systems, both total and inorganic (As Inorg ), with the lower values reached in the intensive AWD irrigation (0.131–0.151 mg kg −1 dry weight)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intensive alternate wetting and drying yielded the lowest arsenic concentrations of 0.131–0.151 mg kg −1 dry weight.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- intensive AWD irrigatione0
- Outcome
- lower valuese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 0.131–0.151 mg kg −1 dry weighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the lower values reached in the intensive AWD irrigation (0.131–0.151 mg kg −1 dry weight)”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar further reduced rice arsenic bioaccumulation during the first two years.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- bioaccumulatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- first two yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For As, biochar contributed to a further reduction in the bioaccumulation in the first two years but lost its efficacy with the field aging after three years of its application”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar lost its arsenic reduction efficacy after three years of field aging.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- loste0
- Qualifier
- after three yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For As, biochar contributed to a further reduction in the bioaccumulation in the first two years but lost its efficacy with the field aging after three years of its application”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate wetting and drying significantly increased grain cadmium bioaccumulation, by 21-fold in the intensive system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- AWD irrigatione0
- Outcome
- Cd bioaccumulation in rice graine0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 21-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the transition to AWD irrigation led to a significant increase in Cd bioaccumulation in rice grain (21-fold increase in the more intensive system, whose values reached up to 0.127 mg kg −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reached up to 0.127 mg kg −1 in the intensive alternate wetting and drying system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- valuese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 0.127 mg kg −1e0
- Qualifier
- more intensive systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“21-fold increase in the more intensive system, whose values reached up to 0.127 mg kg −1”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar counteracted the cadmium rise under alternate wetting and drying to values statistically similar to permanent flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- biochar applicatione0
- Outcome
- Cd bioaccumulation in rice graine1
- Direction
- counteractede0
- Comparator
- permanent floodinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which can be counteracted by biochar application, to values statistically similar to those of permanent flooding”
e1“Cd bioaccumulation in rice grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead grain bioaccumulation decreased under alternate wetting and drying, although effects were not strongly significant.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ADW irrigatione0
- Outcome
- Pb bioaccumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects on Pb bioaccumulation were not so significant, but decreased with the transition to ADW irrigation”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar decreased lead grain bioaccumulation relative to unamended plots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- biochar applicatione0
- Outcome
- Pb bioaccumulatione1
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- non-amended counterpartse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased with the transition to ADW irrigation, and with biochar application, relatively to the non-amended counterparts”
e1“the effects on Pb bioaccumulation”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Both alternate wetting and drying regimes decreased soil DTPA-extractable lead.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWD irrigation regimese0
- Outcome
- soils' DTPA-extractable Pbe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both severity AWD irrigation regimes decreased soils' DTPA-extractable Pb”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Field aging did not diminish biochar-associated lead immobilization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- capacity to contribute to Pb immobilizatione0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field aging of biochar did not affect its capacity to contribute to Pb immobilization”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose intensive alternate wetting and drying with biochar to improve rice food safety while controlling three metals.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- intensive AWD with biochare0
- Outcome
- enhance food safety of rice productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the implementation of intensive AWD with biochar represents a potentially fruitful strategy to enhance food safety of rice production, controlling, simultaneously, As, Cd, and Pb bioaccumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors call for new approaches to meet inorganic arsenic limits for infant food rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- attend the limits established for As Inorg to produce food for infantse0
- Qualifier
- even in uncontaminated soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“new approaches need to be developed to attend the limits established for As Inorg to produce food for infants, even in uncontaminated soils”
t0“rice”
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