Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is increasingly recognized as a critical factor limiting crop production, especially in soils with high potassium (K) application. This study investigated the effects of different Mg fertilizers (MgSO4 and Mg(OH)2-based nanofertilizer) on K–Mg interactions in hydroponically grown tomato seedlings, with varying K (0.7, 7, and 21 mM) and Mg (0.1 and 1 mM) supply concentrations. The results observed with MgSO4 application showed that high K levels (21 mM) significantly antagonized Mg uptake, reducing total Mg content and negatively affecting plant growth and root-to-shoot ratios at both Mg supply levels. Specifically, the K3 (21 mM) treatment reduced total biomass by 45.35% compared to the K2 (7 mM) treatment. Moreover, a high K supply combined with low Mg intake exacerbated Mg deficiency. The optimal K:Mg ratio for growth was found to be 7:1. K–Mg antagonism occurred primarily during root uptake, with excessive K leading to increased Mg2+ efflux in the root elongation zone. Notably, the application of Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles alleviated K-induced Mg deficiency, as indicated by the lack of a significant correlation between K supply and relative Mg concentrations in plants treated with nano-Mg across K:Mg ratios ranging from 7:0.1 to 21:0.1. However, Mg concentration decreased by 17.54% and 35.63% in shoots and by 27.72% and 37.08% in roots for K2 and K3, respectively, in plants treated with MgSO4. It is concluded that optimizing K:Mg ratios and using Mg-based nanofertilizers can improve K and Mg utilization in high-K soils.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
With MgSO4, high K (21 mM) significantly antagonized Mg uptake and reduced total Mg content in tomato.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- high K levels (21 mM)e0
- Outcome
- total Mg contente0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high K levels (21 mM) significantly antagonized Mg uptake, reducing total Mg content”
t0“Tomato Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
With MgSO4, high K (21 mM) negatively affected plant growth and root-to-shoot ratios at both Mg supply levels in tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high K levels (21 mM)e0
- Outcome
- plant growth and root-to-shoot ratiose1
- Direction
- negatively affectinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high K levels (21 mM)”
e1“negatively affecting plant growth and root-to-shoot ratios at both Mg supply levels”
t0“Tomato Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
The K3 (21 mM) treatment reduced total biomass by 45.35% compared with the K2 (7 mM) treatment in tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- K3 (21 mM) treatmente0
- Outcome
- total biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 45.35%e0
- Comparator
- K2 (7 mM) treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the K3 (21 mM) treatment reduced total biomass by 45.35% compared to the K2 (7 mM) treatment”
t0“Tomato Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
A high K supply combined with low Mg intake exacerbated Mg deficiency in tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high K supply combined with low Mg intakee0
- Outcome
- Mg deficiencye0
- Direction
- exacerbatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a high K supply combined with low Mg intake exacerbated Mg deficiency”
t0“Tomato Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal K:Mg ratio for tomato growth was 7:1.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- optimal K:Mg ratio for growthe0
- Value
- 7:1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The optimal K:Mg ratio for growth was found to be 7:1”
t0“Tomato Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
K-Mg antagonism occurred mainly during root uptake, with excessive K leading to increased Mg2+ efflux in the root elongation zone of tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- root elongation zonee0
- Treatment
- excessive Ke0
- Outcome
- K–Mg antagonisme0
- Qualifier
- increased Mg2+ effluxe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K–Mg antagonism occurred primarily during root uptake, with excessive K leading to increased Mg2+ efflux in the root elongation zone”
t0“Tomato Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles alleviated K-induced Mg deficiency in tomato, shown by no significant correlation between K supply and relative Mg concentrations in nano-Mg-treated plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- application of Mg(OH)2 nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- K-induced Mg deficiencye0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles alleviated K-induced Mg deficiency”
t0“Tomato Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
With MgSO4, Mg concentration in tomato shoots decreased by 17.54% at K2.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- K2e0
- Outcome
- Mg concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 17.54%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mg concentration decreased by 17.54% and 35.63% in shoots and by 27.72% and 37.08% in roots for K2 and K3, respectively”
t0“Tomato Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
With MgSO4, Mg concentration in tomato shoots decreased by 35.63% at K3.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- K3e0
- Outcome
- Mg concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 35.63%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mg concentration decreased by 17.54% and 35.63% in shoots and by 27.72% and 37.08% in roots for K2 and K3, respectively”
t0“Tomato Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
With MgSO4, Mg concentration in tomato roots decreased by 27.72% at K2.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- K2e0
- Outcome
- Mg concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 27.72%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mg concentration decreased by 17.54% and 35.63% in shoots and by 27.72% and 37.08% in roots for K2 and K3, respectively”
t0“Tomato Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
With MgSO4, Mg concentration in tomato roots decreased by 37.08% at K3.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- K3e0
- Outcome
- Mg concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 37.08%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mg concentration decreased by 17.54% and 35.63% in shoots and by 27.72% and 37.08% in roots for K2 and K3, respectively”
t0“Tomato Roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimizing K:Mg ratios and using Mg-based nanofertilizers can improve K and Mg utilization in high-K soils.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- improve K and Mg utilization in high-K soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“optimizing K:Mg ratios and using Mg-based nanofertilizers can improve K and Mg utilization in high-K soils”
t0“Tomato Roots”
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