Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic, non-essential heavy metal, with significant stress to plants such as soybean (Glycine max). High Cd concentration in the soil inhibits various stages of soybean growth, including seed germination, vegetative growth, and the reproduction stage. Phosphate, a vital macronutrient, has been shown to alleviate Cd-induced stress; however, the molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the interactive effects of Cd and phosphate on soybeans at the physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolic levels using a multi-omics approach. Experiments were conducted where soybean plants were treated with different concentrations of Cd and phosphate. The results indicated that Cd stress significantly reduced plant height, photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate, while phosphorus application mitigated these effects, reducing Cd absorption in both roots and shoots. Furthermore, antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) were significantly enhanced by phosphate under Cd stress, which scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cadmium, thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress damage. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed substantial changes in gene expression and metabolite profiles in response to Cd and phosphate treatments. Notably, phosphorus treatment induced the up-regulation of genes involved in stress response, root development, and metal transport, while altering metabolic pathways related to phenolic acids, flavonoids, and lipids. This research provided new insights into the molecular mechanism by which phosphorus enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, thereby improving the plant’s antioxidant defense capacity and reducing the toxic effects of cadmium in soybeans, offering potential strategies for enhancing crop resilience against heavy metal contamination.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress significantly reduced soybean height, photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- plant height, photosynthetic rate, and transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd stress significantly reduced plant height, photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus application mitigated cadmium effects on height, photosynthesis, and transpiration.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- phosphorus applicatione0
- Outcome
- these effectse0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phosphorus application mitigated these effects”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus application reduced cadmium absorption in roots and shoots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- roots and shootse0
- Outcome
- Cd absorptione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing Cd absorption in both roots and shoots”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate under cadmium stress significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- phosphate under Cd stresse0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) were significantly enhanced by phosphate under Cd stress”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium and phosphate treatments produced substantial gene expression changes.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Cd and phosphate treatmentse0
- Outcome
- gene expressione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“substantial changes in gene expression and metabolite profiles in response to Cd and phosphate treatments”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium and phosphate treatments produced substantial metabolite profile changes.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Cd and phosphate treatmentse0
- Outcome
- metabolite profilese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“substantial changes in gene expression and metabolite profiles in response to Cd and phosphate treatments”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus upregulated genes involved in stress response, root development, and metal transport.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- phosphorus treatmente0
- Outcome
- genes involved in stress response, root development, and metal transporte0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phosphorus treatment induced the up-regulation of genes involved in stress response, root development, and metal transport”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus altered metabolic pathways related to phenolic acids, flavonoids, and lipids.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- metabolic pathways related to phenolic acids, flavonoids, and lipidse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“altering metabolic pathways related to phenolic acids, flavonoids, and lipids”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that enhanced antioxidant activity scavenged reactive oxygen species and protected soybean cells under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- protecting cells from oxidative stress damagee0
- Qualifier
- scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cadmium, thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress damage”
t0“Soybean”
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