Abstract
The absorption of atmospheric particulate matter lead (APM-Pb) by wheat leaves is the primary source of Pb in wheat grains, yet the mechanisms of how wheat leaves absorb Pb remain unclear. In this study, spraying Pb(NO3)2 (Treatment T1) and spraying PbS (Treatment T2) were used as soluble and insoluble Pb, respectively, to evaluate the primary pathways of APM-Pb absorption by wheat leaves, as well as the translocation and accumulation patterns of Pb within the wheat plant. The results showed that both soluble and insoluble Pb can be absorbed by wheat leaves. Compared to the control group (CK), the treatment of T1 and T2 significantly increased Pb concentration in both leaves and grains, as well as the Pb accumulation rate in grains (p < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) technology visually confirmed the distribution of particulate Pb in the stomatal region, demonstrating that solid-state Pb can penetrate the leaves through stomata. From the greening stage (GS) to the late filling stage (FS2), the leaves’ cell sap contained the highest proportion of Pb, indicating that Pb within the cell sap possesses the greatest capacity for translocation. Concurrently, a significant increase in grain Pb concentration during this period indicated that the migration of Pb to cell sap after penetrating the leaves is subsequently translocated to the grains (p < 0.05). Compared to the jointing stage (JS), the proportion of the ethanol and water extraction states of Pb significantly decreased in FS2 (p < 0.05), indicating that Pb is more readily translocated to the grains during this period. Moreover, in FS2, Pb concentration in leaves and grains in the T2 treatment reached 76.5% and 63.9% that of T1, respectively. Since PbS can only be absorbed through stomata, it can be inferred that stomata are the primary pathway for wheat leaves to absorb APM-Pb. Therefore, Pb absorbed through the stomatal pathway and accumulated in the cell sap fraction is most likely to be translocated to the grains during the filling stage. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms of Pb absorption and translocation in wheat, emphasizing the critical role of stomata in the uptake of APM-Pb. It offers a new direction for breeding wheat varieties resistant to APM-Pb pollution, which is of significant importance in agricultural practices aimed at reducing heavy metal contamination in crops.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat leaves absorbed soluble Pb.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- solublee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both soluble and insoluble Pb can be absorbed by wheat leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat leaves absorbed insoluble Pb.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- insoluble Pbe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both soluble and insoluble Pb can be absorbed by wheat leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 increased Pb concentration in wheat leaves relative to CK.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- spraying Pb(NO3)2e1
- Outcome
- Pb concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control group (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control group (CK), the treatment of T1 and T2 significantly increased Pb concentration in both leaves and grains, as well as the Pb accumulation rate in grains (p < 0.05).”
e1“spraying Pb(NO3)2 (Treatment T1)”
t0“Wheat Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 increased Pb concentration in wheat leaves relative to CK.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- spraying PbSe1
- Outcome
- Pb concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control group (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control group (CK), the treatment of T1 and T2 significantly increased Pb concentration in both leaves and grains, as well as the Pb accumulation rate in grains (p < 0.05).”
e1“spraying PbS (Treatment T2)”
t0“Wheat Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 increased Pb concentration in wheat grains relative to CK.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- grainse0
- Treatment
- spraying Pb(NO3)2e1
- Outcome
- Pb concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control group (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control group (CK), the treatment of T1 and T2 significantly increased Pb concentration in both leaves and grains, as well as the Pb accumulation rate in grains (p < 0.05).”
e1“spraying Pb(NO3)2 (Treatment T1)”
t0“Wheat Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 increased Pb concentration in wheat grains relative to CK.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- grainse0
- Treatment
- spraying PbSe1
- Outcome
- Pb concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control group (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control group (CK), the treatment of T1 and T2 significantly increased Pb concentration in both leaves and grains, as well as the Pb accumulation rate in grains (p < 0.05).”
e1“spraying PbS (Treatment T2)”
t0“Wheat Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 increased grain Pb accumulation rate relative to CK.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying Pb(NO3)2e1
- Outcome
- Pb accumulation rate in grainse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control group (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control group (CK), the treatment of T1 and T2 significantly increased Pb concentration in both leaves and grains, as well as the Pb accumulation rate in grains (p < 0.05).”
e1“spraying Pb(NO3)2 (Treatment T1)”
t0“Wheat Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 increased grain Pb accumulation rate relative to CK.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying PbSe1
- Outcome
- Pb accumulation rate in grainse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control group (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the control group (CK), the treatment of T1 and T2 significantly increased Pb concentration in both leaves and grains, as well as the Pb accumulation rate in grains (p < 0.05).”
e1“spraying PbS (Treatment T2)”
t0“Wheat Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Particulate Pb was found in stomatal regions of wheat leaves, supporting penetration through stomata.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- stomatal regione0
- Outcome
- solid-state Pb can penetrate the leaves through stomatae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“distribution of particulate Pb in the stomatal region, demonstrating that solid-state Pb can penetrate the leaves through stomata.”
t0“Wheat Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat leaf cell sap held the highest proportion of Pb from greening through late filling.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leaves’ cell sape0
- Outcome
- proportion of Pbe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- From the greening stage (GS) to the late filling stage (FS2)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“From the greening stage (GS) to the late filling stage (FS2), the leaves’ cell sap contained the highest proportion of Pb”
t0“Wheat Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Pb concentration increased significantly from greening to late filling.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain Pb concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- From the greening stage (GS) to the late filling stage (FS2)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant increase in grain Pb concentration during this period”
e1“From the greening stage (GS) to the late filling stage (FS2)”
t0“Wheat Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethanol-extractable Pb proportion decreased at late filling relative to jointing.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- FS2e0
- Outcome
- proportion of the ethanole0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- jointing stage (JS)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the jointing stage (JS), the proportion of the ethanol and water extraction states of Pb significantly decreased in FS2 (p < 0.05)”
t0“Wheat Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The water-extractable Pb proportion decreased at late filling relative to jointing.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- FS2e0
- Outcome
- water extraction states of Pbe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- jointing stage (JS)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the jointing stage (JS), the proportion of the ethanol and water extraction states of Pb significantly decreased in FS2 (p < 0.05)”
t0“Wheat Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
At late filling, T2 leaf Pb concentration reached 76.5% of T1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- Pb concentration in leavese0
- Value
- 76.5%e0
- Comparator
- T1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in FS2, Pb concentration in leaves and grains in the T2 treatment reached 76.5% and 63.9% that of T1, respectively.”
t0“Wheat Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
At late filling, T2 grain Pb concentration reached 63.9% of T1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- Pb concentration in leaves and grainse0
- Value
- 63.9%e0
- Comparator
- T1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in FS2, Pb concentration in leaves and grains in the T2 treatment reached 76.5% and 63.9% that of T1, respectively.”
t0“Wheat Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that stomata are the main pathway for wheat uptake of atmospheric particulate Pb.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- stomatae0
- Outcome
- primary pathway for wheat leaves to absorb APM-Pbe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomata are the primary pathway for wheat leaves to absorb APM-Pb”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb in wheat leaf cell sap is most likely to move into grains during filling.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- cell sap fractione0
- Outcome
- translocated to the grainse0
- Qualifier
- during the filling stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb absorbed through the stomatal pathway and accumulated in the cell sap fraction is most likely to be translocated to the grains during the filling stage.”
t0“Wheat Leaves”
The same questions in other papers
lead atom · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
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- positive
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17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 257 in the opposite direction
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See all 275 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.