Abstract
Goal. To develop the basic parameters of bioadaptive technology of corn cultivation (ZEA Mays L.), and to determine the yield and quality of grain in the Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The main — field experiment, additional — laboratory, calculation, and mathematical statistics (variance and correlation analyses). Results. The research was conducted in the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine during 2010–2024. The use of soybeans as a predecessor had a positive effect on corn grain yield (6.56–7.15 t/ha), which was much higher than after other predecessors. The lowest yield for plowing was after sunflower — 6.29 t/ha. The minimization of soil tillage after all predecessors led to a reliable harvest, which was 0.59–2.55 t/ha for direct sowing. At the same time, the harvest of corn grain for direct sowing after soybean was higher than for plowing after sunflower. Starch content in corn grain had an inverse dependence on yield (r = –0.74) and was larger than for sowing after sunflower (71.67–72.33%), and the smallest — after soybean (70.63–71.47% ). The starch content in the grain was affected by the depth of soil cultivation and had an inverse correlation (r = –0.59). With the minimization of the basic tillage, there was a general tendency to reduce the biometric indicators of the cobs, the amount of grains, and the weight of grain with 1 cob. The inverse relationship between the indicators of the crop structure and the starch content in corn grain was established (r = –0,51…–0.73). With shallow tillage, the content of starch in grain was less than in variants without soil tillage by 0.06–0.67%, and with deep plowing — by 0.57–0.97%. At the same time, it was during deep plowing that the highest yield of starch and bio-ethanol was obtained from a unit area as a complex estimated indicator of crop productivity — 4,51–5.05 t/ha and 288.2–322.7 dal/ha (2.92–3,27 thousand l/ha) respectively. For shallow soil tillage, these figures were less by 4.1–6.8%, for direct sowing — by 7.1–37.4%. The output of starch and bio-ethanol for corn sowing after soybean was higher than for plowing after sunflower and in repeated crops. Conclusions. To form a stable productivity of crops and high yield of starch and bioethanol in the conditions of the Northern Steppe, corn for grain should be grown after the best predecessors against the background of plowing as the main cultivation of ordinary black soil. Minimizing soil tillage leads to a significant decrease in the share of the potential of corn crops. Soybeans are the best precursor, after which even without tillage, corn productivity indicators are higher than after sunflower on the background of plowing.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean predecessor increased corn grain yield to 6.56–7.15 t/ha versus other predecessors.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- soybeans as a predecessore0
- Outcome
- corn grain yielde0
- Direction
- much highere0
- Value
- 6.56–7.15 t/hae0
- Comparator
- other predecessorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“use of soybeans as a predecessor had a positive effect on corn grain yield (6.56–7.15 t/ha), which was much higher than after other predecessors”
Claim · model-written summary
Plowing after sunflower gave the lowest yield, 6.29 t/ha.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- plowing was after sunflowere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 6.29 t/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest yield for plowing was after sunflower — 6.29 t/ha”
t0“corn crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct sowing under minimized tillage gave a harvest of 0.59–2.55 t/ha.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- direct sowinge0
- Outcome
- harveste0
- Value
- 0.59–2.55 t/hae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimization of soil tillage after all predecessors led to a reliable harvest, which was 0.59–2.55 t/ha for direct sowing”
t0“corn crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct sowing after soybean yielded more grain than plowing after sunflower.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- direct sowing after soybeane0
- Outcome
- harvest of corn graine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- plowing after sunflowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“harvest of corn grain for direct sowing after soybean was higher than for plowing after sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain starch content was inversely associated with yield, r = –0.74.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- Starch content in corn graine0
- Direction
- inversee0
- Value
- r = –0.74e0
- Comparator
- yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Starch content in corn grain had an inverse dependence on yield (r = –0.74)”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch content after sunflower was 71.67–72.33%, higher than after soybean.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- sowing after sunflowere0
- Outcome
- corn cropst0
- Direction
- largere0
- Value
- 71.67–72.33%e0
- Comparator
- after soybeane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larger than for sowing after sunflower (71.67–72.33%), and the smallest — after soybean (70.63–71.47% )”
t0“corn crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch content after soybean was the smallest, at 70.63–71.47%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- after soybeane0
- Outcome
- Starch content in corn graine1
- Direction
- smalleste0
- Value
- 70.63–71.47%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“smallest — after soybean (70.63–71.47% )”
e1“Starch content in corn grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch content had an inverse correlation with depth of soil cultivation, r = –0.59.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- depth of soil cultivatione0
- Outcome
- starch content in the graine0
- Direction
- inversee0
- Value
- r = –0.59e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“starch content in the grain was affected by the depth of soil cultivation and had an inverse correlation (r = –0.59)”
t0“corn crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimizing tillage tended to reduce cob biometric indicators, grain count and grain weight per cob.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- minimization of the basic tillagee0
- Outcome
- biometric indicators of the cobs, the amount of grains, and the weight of grain with 1 cobe0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the minimization of the basic tillage, there was a general tendency to reduce the biometric indicators of the cobs, the amount of grains, and the weight of grain with 1 cob”
t0“corn crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop structure indicators were inversely related to grain starch content, r = –0,51…–0.73.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- starch content in corn graine0
- Direction
- inversee0
- Value
- r = –0,51…–0.73e0
- Comparator
- indicators of the crop structuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inverse relationship between the indicators of the crop structure and the starch content in corn grain was established (r = –0,51…–0.73)”
Claim · model-written summary
Shallow tillage gave 0.06–0.67% less grain starch than no tillage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- shallow tillagee0
- Outcome
- content of starch in graine0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 0.06–0.67%e0
- Comparator
- variants without soil tillagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With shallow tillage, the content of starch in grain was less than in variants without soil tillage by 0.06–0.67%”
t0“corn crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep plowing gave 0.57–0.97% less grain starch than no tillage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- deep plowinge0
- Outcome
- content of starch in graine1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Value
- 0.57–0.97%e0
- Comparator
- variants without soil tillagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with deep plowing — by 0.57–0.97%”
e1“content of starch in grain was less than in variants without soil tillage”
t0“corn crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep plowing gave the highest starch output, 4,51–5.05 t/ha.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- deep plowinge0
- Outcome
- yield of starche0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4,51–5.05 t/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during deep plowing that the highest yield of starch and bio-ethanol was obtained from a unit area as a complex estimated indicator of crop productivity — 4,51–5.05 t/ha and 288.2–322.7 dal/ha (2.92–3,27 thousand l/ha) respectively”
t0“corn crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep plowing gave the highest bioethanol output, 288.2–322.7 dal/ha.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- deep plowinge0
- Outcome
- bio-ethanole0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 288.2–322.7 dal/hae0
- Qualifier
- 2.92–3,27 thousand l/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during deep plowing that the highest yield of starch and bio-ethanol was obtained from a unit area as a complex estimated indicator of crop productivity — 4,51–5.05 t/ha and 288.2–322.7 dal/ha (2.92–3,27 thousand l/ha) respectively”
t0“corn crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Shallow tillage reduced starch and bioethanol output by 4.1–6.8%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- shallow soil tillagee0
- Outcome
- yield of starch and bio-ethanole1
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 4.1–6.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For shallow soil tillage, these figures were less by 4.1–6.8%”
e1“yield of starch and bio-ethanol”
t0“corn crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct sowing reduced starch and bioethanol output by 7.1–37.4%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- direct sowinge0
- Outcome
- yield of starch and bio-ethanole2
- Direction
- lesse1
- Value
- 7.1–37.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for direct sowing — by 7.1–37.4%”
e1“these figures were less”
e2“yield of starch and bio-ethanol”
t0“corn crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch and bioethanol output after soybean was higher than after plowing sunflower or repeated cropping.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- sowing after soybeane0
- Outcome
- output of starch and bio-ethanole0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- plowing after sunflower and in repeated cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“output of starch and bio-ethanol for corn sowing after soybean was higher than for plowing after sunflower and in repeated crops”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.