Abstract
Drought stress hinders plant growth by reducing water availability, leading to stunted plants growth, lower photosynthesis rates, and decreased yields. This research explored the impact of the combination of Spirulina and sulfate-reducing bacteria on the growth and resilience of lettuce plants under three drought levels (80%, 60%, and 40%). Overall, drought reduced germination percentages, but at 40% level, Spirulina significantly improved germination rates. At higher drought levels, Spirulina and sulfate-reducing bacteria positively influenced germination compared to the control, with SRB showing the most pronounced effect. Root growth increased significantly under 60% drought, though no root elongation under different stress levels was impacted. Leaf area decreased with increasing drought, but sulfate-reducing bacteria significantly enhanced it, especially at 80% drought. Control plants’ relative water content decreased with increasing drought severity. However, the combination of Spirulina and sulfate-reducing bacteria at 60% drought mitigated this effect. Notably, under 60% and 80% drought, hydrogen peroxide levels increased, though the Spirulina and sulfate-reducing bacteria combined consistently elevated hydrogen peroxide levels in both 60% and 80% conditions. Superoxide dismutase activity rose by 80% in non-treated plants, while Spirulina and sulfate-reducing bacteria individually enhanced superoxide dismutase activity across moderate and high drought. Catalase activity decreased at 80% drought in control plants; however, an increase was observed with sulfate-reducing bacteria in 80% stress level. The Fv/Fm ratio and PiABS declined as drought intensified, but sulfate-reducing bacteria improved these parameters at both 60% and 80% stress levels. ABS/RC and ET0/RC ratios responded positively to sulfate-reducing bacteria under severe drought. These findings suggest that while Spirulina and sulfate-reducing bacteria enhance drought tolerance in lettuce, sulfate-reducing bacteria are especially effective under higher drought stress conditions.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced lettuce germination percentages.
- Taxon
- Lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- germination percentagese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, drought reduced germination percentages”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Spirulina improved lettuce germination at 40% drought.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Spirulinae0
- Interactor
- Spirulinae0symbiont
- Outcome
- germination ratese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 40% levele0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 40% level, Spirulina significantly improved germination rates”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Spirulina increased germination at higher drought levels relative to control.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Spirulinae0
- Interactor
- Spirulinae0symbiont
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- positively influencede0
- Qualifier
- higher drought levelse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At higher drought levels, Spirulina and sulfate-reducing bacteria positively influenced germination compared to the control”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfate-reducing bacteria increased germination at higher drought levels relative to control, with the strongest effect.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- sulfate-reducing bacteriae0
- Interactor
- sulfate-reducing bacteriae0symbiont
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- positively influencede0
- Qualifier
- most pronounced effecte0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At higher drought levels, Spirulina and sulfate-reducing bacteria positively influenced germination compared to the control, with SRB showing the most pronounced effect”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Root growth increased significantly under 60% drought.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- 60% droughte0
- Outcome
- Root growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root growth increased significantly under 60% drought”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Root elongation was unaffected across stress levels.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- different stress levelse0
- Outcome
- root elongatione0
- Direction
- no root elongation under different stress levels was impactede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no root elongation under different stress levels was impacted”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area decreased as drought increased.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- Leaf areae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area decreased with increasing drought”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfate-reducing bacteria enhanced leaf area, especially at 80% drought.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- sulfate-reducing bacteriae0
- Interactor
- sulfate-reducing bacteriae0symbiont
- Outcome
- Leaf areae1
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- especially at 80% droughte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sulfate-reducing bacteria significantly enhanced it, especially at 80% drought”
e1“Leaf area decreased with increasing drought”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Control plants had lower relative water content as drought severity increased.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- drought severitye0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- Control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Control plants’ relative water content decreased with increasing drought severity”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Spirulina and sulfate-reducing bacteria mitigated the water-content decline at 60% drought.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- the combination of Spirulina and sulfate-reducing bacteriae0
- Interactor
- Spirulinae0symbiont
- Second interactor
- sulfate-reducing bacteriae0symbiont
- Outcome
- relative water contente1
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Qualifier
- 60% droughte0
- Comparator
- Control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of Spirulina and sulfate-reducing bacteria at 60% drought mitigated this effect”
e1“Control plants’ relative water content decreased with increasing drought severity”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide levels increased under 60% and 80% drought.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- 60% and 80% droughte0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under 60% and 80% drought, hydrogen peroxide levels increased”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Spirulina and sulfate-reducing bacteria elevated hydrogen peroxide at 60% and 80% drought.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Spirulina and sulfate-reducing bacteria combinede0
- Interactor
- Spirulinae0symbiont
- Second interactor
- sulfate-reducing bacteriae0symbiont
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide levelse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Qualifier
- 60% and 80% conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Spirulina and sulfate-reducing bacteria combined consistently elevated hydrogen peroxide levels in both 60% and 80% conditions”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Superoxide dismutase activity rose by 80% in non-treated plants.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- Superoxide dismutase activitye0
- Direction
- rosee0
- Value
- 80%e0
- Qualifier
- non-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Superoxide dismutase activity rose by 80% in non-treated plants”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Spirulina enhanced superoxide dismutase activity across moderate and high drought.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Spirulinae0
- Interactor
- Spirulinae0symbiont
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- moderate and high droughte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spirulina and sulfate-reducing bacteria individually enhanced superoxide dismutase activity across moderate and high drought”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfate-reducing bacteria enhanced superoxide dismutase activity across moderate and high drought.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- sulfate-reducing bacteriae0
- Interactor
- sulfate-reducing bacteriae0symbiont
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- moderate and high droughte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spirulina and sulfate-reducing bacteria individually enhanced superoxide dismutase activity across moderate and high drought”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase activity decreased at 80% drought in controls.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- 80% droughte0
- Outcome
- Catalase activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- control plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Catalase activity decreased at 80% drought in control plants”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfate-reducing bacteria increased catalase activity at 80% stress.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- sulfate-reducing bacteriae0
- Interactor
- sulfate-reducing bacteriae0symbiont
- Outcome
- Catalase activitye1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- 80% stress levele0
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase was observed with sulfate-reducing bacteria in 80% stress level”
e1“Catalase activity decreased at 80% drought in control plants”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Fv/Fm ratio and PiABS declined as drought intensified.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- Fv/Fm ratio and PiABSe0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Fv/Fm ratio and PiABS declined as drought intensified”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfate-reducing bacteria improved Fv/Fm ratio and PiABS at 60% and 80% stress.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- sulfate-reducing bacteriae0
- Interactor
- sulfate-reducing bacteriae0symbiont
- Outcome
- Fv/Fm ratio and PiABSe1
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 60% and 80% stress levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sulfate-reducing bacteria improved these parameters at both 60% and 80% stress levels”
e1“The Fv/Fm ratio and PiABS declined as drought intensified”
t0“Lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Under severe drought, sulfate-reducing bacteria positively affected ABS/RC and ET0/RC ratios.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- sulfate-reducing bacteriae0
- Interactor
- sulfate-reducing bacteriae0symbiont
- Outcome
- ABS/RC and ET0/RC ratiose0
- Direction
- positivelye0
- Qualifier
- severe droughte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABS/RC and ET0/RC ratios responded positively to sulfate-reducing bacteria under severe drought”
t0“Lettuce”
The same questions in other papers
drought · growth · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results differ
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
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96 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
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See all 111 papers →inoculation · physiology: water · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.