Abstract
Agricultural waste (AW) presents significant environmental challenges if not effectively managed. Recycling AW as bio-organic fertilizers (BIOs) offers a sustainable solution, improving soil health, reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers, and stimulating crop growth. This study investigated the effectiveness of BIOs generated from AW composted with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), including Enterobacter sp. R24, Bacillus tequilensis P8, and Pseudomonas azotoformans S81. BIOs produced from peanut shell, rice straw, duckweed, and rice bran were applied to rice seedlings under normal and saline (85 mM NaCl) conditions. The results revealed that PGPR-fermented BIOs utilized for only 15-30 days significantly improved seed germination and root length. BIO-duckweed and BIO-peanut proved high in nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium content, thereby increasing total biomass by 188% and 85%, respectively. In non-saline soil, BIO-peanut shell outperformed chemical fertilizers, promoting root growth and chlorophyll content. Additionally, BIO-rice straw gave a 58% reduction in proline levels under saline conditions, indicating stress reduction capacity. BIOs treatments demonstrated significant improvements in both nutrient availability and microbial diversity. Specifically, BIO-peanut shell and BIO-duckweed increased phosphate availability in soil by 143.26%, 13.80% over control soil and 7.23%, 30.69% over chemical treatment, respectively. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis further revealed a noticeable increase in microbial diversity in soils treated with BIOs, which was absent in untreated soil. Indeed, BIO-rice straw promoted the development of five distinct bacterial genera in saline condition, underscoring BIOs' ability to enhance the microbial community structure. The study highlights the potential of BIOs from AW combined with PGPRs to enhance rice growth under extreme salt stress. This sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers enhances soil health by increasing nutrient availability, microbial diversity, and promoting beneficial soil microbes, ultimately improving long-term soil resilience and fertility.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR-fermented BIOs used for 15-30 days significantly improved rice seed germination and root length.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- PGPR-fermented BIOse0
- Outcome
- seed germination and root lengthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 15-30 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed that PGPR-fermented BIOs utilized for only 15-30 days significantly improved seed germination and root length.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BIO-duckweed increased rice total biomass by 188%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BIO-duckweede0
- Outcome
- total biomasse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 188%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BIO-duckweed and BIO-peanut proved high in nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium content, thereby increasing total biomass by 188% and 85%, respectively.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BIO-peanut increased rice total biomass by 85%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BIO-duckweed and BIO-peanut proved high in nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium content, thereby increasing total biomass by 188% and 85%, respectively.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BIO-duckweed had high nitrogen, phosphate and potassium content.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“BIO-duckweed and BIO-peanut proved high in nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium content”
Claim · model-written summary
BIO-peanut had high nitrogen, phosphate and potassium content.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“BIO-duckweed and BIO-peanut proved high in nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium content”
Claim · model-written summary
In non-saline soil BIO-peanut shell outperformed chemical fertilizers in promoting rice root growth and chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BIO-peanut shelle0
- Outcome
- root growth and chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- promotinge0
- Qualifier
- non-saline soile0
- Comparator
- chemical fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In non-saline soil, BIO-peanut shell outperformed chemical fertilizers, promoting root growth and chlorophyll content.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BIO-rice straw reduced rice proline levels by 58% under saline conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BIO-rice strawe0
- Outcome
- proline levelse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 58%e0
- Qualifier
- saline conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, BIO-rice straw gave a 58% reduction in proline levels under saline conditions, indicating stress reduction capacity.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
BIO treatments significantly improved nutrient availability and microbial diversity.
- Treatment
- BIOs treatmentse0
- Outcome
- nutrient availability and microbial diversitye0
- Direction
- improvementse0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“BIOs treatments demonstrated significant improvements in both nutrient availability and microbial diversity.”
Claim · model-written summary
BIO-peanut shell increased soil phosphate availability by 143.26% over control soil.
- Treatment
- BIO-peanut shelle0
- Outcome
- phosphate availability in soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 143.26%e0
- Comparator
- control soile0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, BIO-peanut shell and BIO-duckweed increased phosphate availability in soil by 143.26%, 13.80% over control soil and 7.23%, 30.69% over chemical treatment, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
BIO-duckweed increased soil phosphate availability by 13.80% over control soil.
- Treatment
- BIO-duckweede0
- Outcome
- phosphate availability in soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.80%e0
- Comparator
- control soile0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, BIO-peanut shell and BIO-duckweed increased phosphate availability in soil by 143.26%, 13.80% over control soil and 7.23%, 30.69% over chemical treatment, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
BIO-peanut shell increased soil phosphate availability by 7.23% over chemical treatment.
- Treatment
- BIO-peanut shelle0
- Outcome
- phosphate availability in soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.23%e0
- Comparator
- chemical treatmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, BIO-peanut shell and BIO-duckweed increased phosphate availability in soil by 143.26%, 13.80% over control soil and 7.23%, 30.69% over chemical treatment, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
BIO-duckweed increased soil phosphate availability by 30.69% over chemical treatment.
- Treatment
- BIO-duckweede0
- Outcome
- phosphate availability in soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30.69%e0
- Comparator
- chemical treatmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, BIO-peanut shell and BIO-duckweed increased phosphate availability in soil by 143.26%, 13.80% over control soil and 7.23%, 30.69% over chemical treatment, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
DGGE showed increased microbial diversity in BIO-treated soils, absent in untreated soil.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis further revealed a noticeable increase in microbial diversity in soils treated with BIOs, which was absent in untreated soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
BIO-rice straw promoted five distinct bacterial genera under saline conditions.
- Taxon
- bacterial generae0
- Treatment
- BIO-rice strawe0
- Outcome
- development of five distinct bacterial generae0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Value
- fivee0
- Qualifier
- saline conditione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Indeed, BIO-rice straw promoted the development of five distinct bacterial genera in saline condition, underscoring BIOs' ability to enhance the microbial community structure.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that BIOs combined with PGPRs can enhance rice growth under extreme salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- BIOs from AW combined with PGPRs to enhance rice growth under extreme salt stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study highlights the potential of BIOs from AW combined with PGPRs to enhance rice growth under extreme salt stress.”
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