Abstract
Decomposed organic materials, in combination with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), are environmentally friendly and reduce synthetic fertilizer use in rice production. A bio-organic fertilizer (BoF) was prepared using kitchen waste (79%), chita-dhan (unfilled rice grain) biochar (15%), rock phosphate (5%), and a consortium of 10 PGPB (1%) to supplement 30% nitrogen and to replace triple superphosphate (TSP) fertilizer in rice production with an improvement of soil health. PGPB were local isolates and identified using 16S ribosomal RNA partial gene sequences as Bacillus mycoides , Proteus sp., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Paenibacillus polymyxa , and Paenibacillus spp. Isolates could fix N 2 by 0.7–1.4 g kg –1 , solubilize 0.1–1.2 g kg –1 phosphate, and produce 0.1–40 g kg –1 indoleacetic acid. The performance of BoF was evaluated by 16 field experiments and 18 farmers’ field demonstration trials during the year 2017–2020 in different parts of Bangladesh. Performances of BoF were evaluated based on control (T 1 ), full synthetic fertilizer dose of N, P, and K (T 2 ), BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potash (T 3 ), 70% N as urea + 100% P as TSP + 100% K as muriate of potash (T 4 ), and 2 t ha –1 BoF (T 5 ) treatments. At the research station, average grain yield improved by 10–13% in T 3 compared with T 2 treatment. Depending on seasons, higher agronomic N use efficiency (19–30%), physiological N use efficiency (8–18%), partial factor productivity (PFP) N (114–150%), recovery efficiency (RE) N (3–31%), N harvest index (HI N ) (14–24%), agronomic P use efficiency (22–25%), partial factor productivity of P (9–12%), ARE P (15–23%), and HI P (3–6%) were obtained in T 3 compared with T 2 treatment. Research results were reflected in farmers’ field, and significant ( P < 0.05) higher plant height, tiller, panicle, grain yield, partial factor productivity of N and P were obtained in the same treatment. Application of BoF improved soil organic carbon by 6–13%, along with an increased number of PGPB as compared with full synthetic fertilizer dose. In conclusion, tested BoF can be considered as a green technology to reduce 30% synthetic N and 100% TSP requirements in rice production with improved soil health.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Bio-organic fertilizer improved average grain yield by 10–13% compared with the T 2 treatment at the research station.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potashe3
- Outcome
- average grain yielde2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 10–13%e2
- Comparator
- T 2 treatmente2
- Setting
- research statione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“for Rice Production”
e2“At the research station, average grain yield improved by 10–13% in T 3 compared with T 2 treatment”
e3“BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potash”
Claim · model-written summary
BoF (T 3) raised agronomic N use efficiency by 19–30% compared with T 2 in the research trials.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potashe3
- Outcome
- agronomic N use efficiencye2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 19–30%e2
- Qualifier
- Depending on seasonse2
- Comparator
- T 2 treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“for Rice Production”
e2“Depending on seasons, higher agronomic N use efficiency (19–30%), physiological N use efficiency (8–18%), partial factor productivity (PFP) N (114–150%), recovery efficiency (RE) N (3–31%), N harvest index (HI N ) (14–24%), agronomic P use efficiency (22–25%), partial factor productivity of P (9–12%), ARE P (15–23%), and HI P (3–6%) were obtained in T 3 compared with T 2 treatment”
e3“BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potash”
Claim · model-written summary
BoF (T 3) raised physiological N use efficiency by 8–18% compared with T 2 in the research trials.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potashe3
- Outcome
- physiological N use efficiencye2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 8–18%e2
- Qualifier
- Depending on seasonse2
- Comparator
- T 2 treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“for Rice Production”
e2“Depending on seasons, higher agronomic N use efficiency (19–30%), physiological N use efficiency (8–18%), partial factor productivity (PFP) N (114–150%), recovery efficiency (RE) N (3–31%), N harvest index (HI N ) (14–24%), agronomic P use efficiency (22–25%), partial factor productivity of P (9–12%), ARE P (15–23%), and HI P (3–6%) were obtained in T 3 compared with T 2 treatment”
e3“BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potash”
Claim · model-written summary
BoF (T 3) raised partial factor productivity (PFP) N by 114–150% compared with T 2 in the research trials.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potashe3
- Outcome
- partial factor productivity (PFP) Ne2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 114–150%e2
- Qualifier
- Depending on seasonse2
- Comparator
- T 2 treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“for Rice Production”
e2“Depending on seasons, higher agronomic N use efficiency (19–30%), physiological N use efficiency (8–18%), partial factor productivity (PFP) N (114–150%), recovery efficiency (RE) N (3–31%), N harvest index (HI N ) (14–24%), agronomic P use efficiency (22–25%), partial factor productivity of P (9–12%), ARE P (15–23%), and HI P (3–6%) were obtained in T 3 compared with T 2 treatment”
e3“BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potash”
Claim · model-written summary
BoF (T 3) raised recovery efficiency (RE) N by 3–31% compared with T 2 in the research trials.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potashe3
- Outcome
- recovery efficiency (RE) Ne2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 3–31%e2
- Qualifier
- Depending on seasonse2
- Comparator
- T 2 treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“for Rice Production”
e2“Depending on seasons, higher agronomic N use efficiency (19–30%), physiological N use efficiency (8–18%), partial factor productivity (PFP) N (114–150%), recovery efficiency (RE) N (3–31%), N harvest index (HI N ) (14–24%), agronomic P use efficiency (22–25%), partial factor productivity of P (9–12%), ARE P (15–23%), and HI P (3–6%) were obtained in T 3 compared with T 2 treatment”
e3“BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potash”
Claim · model-written summary
BoF (T 3) raised N harvest index (HI N ) by 14–24% compared with T 2 in the research trials.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potashe3
- Outcome
- N harvest index (HI N )e2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 14–24%e2
- Qualifier
- Depending on seasonse2
- Comparator
- T 2 treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“for Rice Production”
e2“Depending on seasons, higher agronomic N use efficiency (19–30%), physiological N use efficiency (8–18%), partial factor productivity (PFP) N (114–150%), recovery efficiency (RE) N (3–31%), N harvest index (HI N ) (14–24%), agronomic P use efficiency (22–25%), partial factor productivity of P (9–12%), ARE P (15–23%), and HI P (3–6%) were obtained in T 3 compared with T 2 treatment”
e3“BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potash”
Claim · model-written summary
BoF (T 3) raised agronomic P use efficiency by 22–25% compared with T 2 in the research trials.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potashe3
- Outcome
- agronomic P use efficiencye2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 22–25%e2
- Qualifier
- Depending on seasonse2
- Comparator
- T 2 treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“for Rice Production”
e2“Depending on seasons, higher agronomic N use efficiency (19–30%), physiological N use efficiency (8–18%), partial factor productivity (PFP) N (114–150%), recovery efficiency (RE) N (3–31%), N harvest index (HI N ) (14–24%), agronomic P use efficiency (22–25%), partial factor productivity of P (9–12%), ARE P (15–23%), and HI P (3–6%) were obtained in T 3 compared with T 2 treatment”
e3“BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potash”
Claim · model-written summary
BoF (T 3) raised partial factor productivity of P by 9–12% compared with T 2 in the research trials.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potashe3
- Outcome
- partial factor productivity of Pe2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 9–12%e2
- Qualifier
- Depending on seasonse2
- Comparator
- T 2 treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“for Rice Production”
e2“Depending on seasons, higher agronomic N use efficiency (19–30%), physiological N use efficiency (8–18%), partial factor productivity (PFP) N (114–150%), recovery efficiency (RE) N (3–31%), N harvest index (HI N ) (14–24%), agronomic P use efficiency (22–25%), partial factor productivity of P (9–12%), ARE P (15–23%), and HI P (3–6%) were obtained in T 3 compared with T 2 treatment”
e3“BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potash”
Claim · model-written summary
BoF (T 3) raised ARE P by 15–23% compared with T 2 in the research trials.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potashe3
- Outcome
- ARE Pe2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 15–23%e2
- Qualifier
- Depending on seasonse2
- Comparator
- T 2 treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“for Rice Production”
e2“Depending on seasons, higher agronomic N use efficiency (19–30%), physiological N use efficiency (8–18%), partial factor productivity (PFP) N (114–150%), recovery efficiency (RE) N (3–31%), N harvest index (HI N ) (14–24%), agronomic P use efficiency (22–25%), partial factor productivity of P (9–12%), ARE P (15–23%), and HI P (3–6%) were obtained in T 3 compared with T 2 treatment”
e3“BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potash”
Claim · model-written summary
BoF (T 3) raised HI P by 3–6% compared with T 2 in the research trials.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potashe3
- Outcome
- HI Pe2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 3–6%e2
- Qualifier
- Depending on seasonse2
- Comparator
- T 2 treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“for Rice Production”
e2“Depending on seasons, higher agronomic N use efficiency (19–30%), physiological N use efficiency (8–18%), partial factor productivity (PFP) N (114–150%), recovery efficiency (RE) N (3–31%), N harvest index (HI N ) (14–24%), agronomic P use efficiency (22–25%), partial factor productivity of P (9–12%), ARE P (15–23%), and HI P (3–6%) were obtained in T 3 compared with T 2 treatment”
e3“BoF (2 t ha –1 ) + 70% N as urea + 100% K as muriate of potash”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio-organic fertilizer gave significantly higher plant height, tillers and panicles in farmers’ fields.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- the same treatmente2
- Outcome
- plant height, tiller, paniclee2
- Direction
- highere2
- Qualifier
- P < 0.05e2
- Setting
- farmers’ fielde3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“for Rice Production”
e2“significant ( P < 0.05) higher plant height, tiller, panicle, grain yield, partial factor productivity of N and P were obtained in the same treatment”
e3“Research results were reflected in farmers’ field”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio-organic fertilizer gave significantly higher grain yield and partial factor productivity of N and P in farmers’ fields.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- the same treatmente2
- Outcome
- grain yield, partial factor productivity of N and Pe2
- Direction
- highere2
- Qualifier
- P < 0.05e2
- Setting
- farmers’ fielde3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“for Rice Production”
e2“significant ( P < 0.05) higher plant height, tiller, panicle, grain yield, partial factor productivity of N and P were obtained in the same treatment”
e3“Research results were reflected in farmers’ field”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of bio-organic fertilizer improved soil organic carbon by 6–13% compared with full synthetic fertilizer dose.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Application of BoFe4
- Outcome
- soil organic carbone4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Value
- 6–13%e4
- Comparator
- full synthetic fertilizer dosee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“for Rice Production”
e4“Application of BoF improved soil organic carbon by 6–13%, along with an increased number of PGPB as compared with full synthetic fertilizer dose”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of bio-organic fertilizer increased the number of PGPB compared with full synthetic fertilizer dose.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Application of BoFe4
- Interactor
- PGPBe5symbiont
- Outcome
- number of PGPBe4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- full synthetic fertilizer dosee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“for Rice Production”
e4“Application of BoF improved soil organic carbon by 6–13%, along with an increased number of PGPB as compared with full synthetic fertilizer dose”
e5“PGPB were local isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPB isolates could fix 0.7–1.4 g kg –1 of N2.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- PGPBe5symbiont
- Outcome
- fix N 2e6
- Value
- 0.7–1.4 g kg –1e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“for Rice Production”
e6“Isolates could fix N 2 by 0.7–1.4 g kg –1”
e5“PGPB were local isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPB isolates could solubilize 0.1–1.2 g kg –1 of phosphate.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- PGPBe5symbiont
- Outcome
- solubilizee7
- Value
- 0.1–1.2 g kg –1e7
- Qualifier
- phosphatee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“for Rice Production”
e7“solubilize 0.1–1.2 g kg –1 phosphate”
e5“PGPB were local isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPB isolates could produce 0.1–40 g kg –1 indoleacetic acid.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- PGPBe5symbiont
- Outcome
- indoleacetic acide6
- Value
- 0.1–40 g kg –1e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“for Rice Production”
e6“produce 0.1–40 g kg –1 indoleacetic acid”
e5“PGPB were local isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio-organic fertilizer can be considered a green technology to reduce 30% synthetic N and 100% TSP requirements in rice production.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- green technology to reduce 30% synthetic N and 100% TSP requirementse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“tested BoF can be considered as a green technology to reduce 30% synthetic N and 100% TSP requirements in rice production with improved soil health”
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