Abstract
Abstract Under soil saline conditions, biochemical alterations occur during plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) interactions, depending on the fungal strain involved and the intensity of the stress. This study aimed to evaluate the infectivity and efficacy of Rhizophagus irregularis by analyzing the biochemical responses it induces in chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) cv. ʽNacional-29ʼ under 50 mM NaCl stress. Nacional-29 is a chickpea variety developed at the Institute of Fundamental Research in Tropical Agriculture (INIFAT) “Alejandro de Humboldt” and is classified as susceptible to salinity when the soil saturation extract exceeds 30 mM. The effect of an AMF strain (INCAM 11 of Rhizophagus irregularis ) from the INCA collection was assessed in chickpea plants regarding root colonization, accumulation of cytocompatible osmolytes, and the activity of various antioxidant enzymes. The analysis demonstrated enhanced antioxidant defense mechanisms, a significant increase in proline accumulation in the leaves of stressed mycorrhizal plants, and a substantial reduction in lipid peroxidation, with levels even lower than those in the inoculated control plants. The applied salt stress caused a redox imbalance, leading to a reduction of POX, SOD, and APX by 35%, 20%, and 25%, respectively, while increasing free radical levels. However, the inoculated stressed plants exhibited higher levels of total soluble carbohydrates and increased catalase and glutathione reductase activity, indicating that redox homeostasis was crucial for salinity tolerance. These findings indicate that R. irregularis enhances antioxidant defense mechanisms in chickpea plants, thereby improving their salinity tolerance. This could have significant implications for agricultural practices, particularly in developing strategies to enhance crop resilience in saline soils. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, such as R. irregularis , provide a sustainable solution for enhancing crop productivity in saline-affected areas, thereby contributing to food security in regions facing soil salinity challenges.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Proline accumulation in the leaves of stressed mycorrhizal chickpea plants increased significantly.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume4 - Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- R. irregularise4
- Interactor
- R. irregularis
Rhizophagus irregularise4symbiont - Outcome
- proline accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These findings indicate that R. irregularis enhances antioxidant defense mechanisms in chickpea plants, thereby improving their salinity tolerance”
e1“The analysis demonstrated enhanced antioxidant defense mechanisms, a significant increase in proline accumulation in the leaves of stressed mycorrhizal plants, and a substantial reduction in lipid peroxidation, with levels even lower than those in the inoculated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipid peroxidation in stressed mycorrhizal chickpea plants was substantially reduced, to levels even lower than in inoculated control plants.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume4
- Treatment
- R. irregularise4
- Interactor
- R. irregularisRhizophagus irregularise4symbiont
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- inoculated control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These findings indicate that R. irregularis enhances antioxidant defense mechanisms in chickpea plants, thereby improving their salinity tolerance”
e1“The analysis demonstrated enhanced antioxidant defense mechanisms, a significant increase in proline accumulation in the leaves of stressed mycorrhizal plants, and a substantial reduction in lipid peroxidation, with levels even lower than those in the inoculated control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced POX activity in chickpea by 35%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These findings indicate that R. irregularis enhances antioxidant defense mechanisms in chickpea plants, thereby improving their salinity tolerance”
e2“The applied salt stress caused a redox imbalance, leading to a reduction of POX, SOD, and APX by 35%, 20%, and 25%, respectively, while increasing free radical levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced SOD activity in chickpea by 20%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These findings indicate that R. irregularis enhances antioxidant defense mechanisms in chickpea plants, thereby improving their salinity tolerance”
e2“The applied salt stress caused a redox imbalance, leading to a reduction of POX, SOD, and APX by 35%, 20%, and 25%, respectively, while increasing free radical levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced APX activity in chickpea by 25%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These findings indicate that R. irregularis enhances antioxidant defense mechanisms in chickpea plants, thereby improving their salinity tolerance”
e2“The applied salt stress caused a redox imbalance, leading to a reduction of POX, SOD, and APX by 35%, 20%, and 25%, respectively, while increasing free radical levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased free radical levels in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume4
- Treatment
- salt stresse2
- Outcome
- free radical levelse2
- Direction
- increasinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These findings indicate that R. irregularis enhances antioxidant defense mechanisms in chickpea plants, thereby improving their salinity tolerance”
e2“The applied salt stress caused a redox imbalance, leading to a reduction of POX, SOD, and APX by 35%, 20%, and 25%, respectively, while increasing free radical levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated stressed chickpea plants had higher total soluble carbohydrate levels.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume4
- Treatment
- inoculated stressed plantse3
- Interactor
- R. irregularisRhizophagus irregularise4symbiont
- Outcome
- total soluble carbohydratese3
- Direction
- highere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These findings indicate that R. irregularis enhances antioxidant defense mechanisms in chickpea plants, thereby improving their salinity tolerance”
e3“However, the inoculated stressed plants exhibited higher levels of total soluble carbohydrates and increased catalase and glutathione reductase activity, indicating that redox homeostasis was crucial for salinity tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated stressed chickpea plants had increased catalase and glutathione reductase activity.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume4
- Treatment
- inoculated stressed plantse3
- Interactor
- R. irregularisRhizophagus irregularise4symbiont
- Outcome
- catalase and glutathione reductase activitye3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These findings indicate that R. irregularis enhances antioxidant defense mechanisms in chickpea plants, thereby improving their salinity tolerance”
e3“However, the inoculated stressed plants exhibited higher levels of total soluble carbohydrates and increased catalase and glutathione reductase activity, indicating that redox homeostasis was crucial for salinity tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
R. irregularis enhances salinity tolerance of chickpea, plausibly through antioxidant defense mechanisms.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume4
- Interactor
- R. irregularisRhizophagus irregularise4symbiont
- Outcome
- salinity tolerancee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These findings indicate that R. irregularis enhances antioxidant defense mechanisms in chickpea plants, thereby improving their salinity tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
R. irregularis enhanced antioxidant defense mechanisms in chickpea under salt stress.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume4
- Treatment
- R. irregularise4
- Interactor
- R. irregularisRhizophagus irregularise4symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant defense mechanismse1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These findings indicate that R. irregularis enhances antioxidant defense mechanisms in chickpea plants, thereby improving their salinity tolerance”
e1“The analysis demonstrated enhanced antioxidant defense mechanisms, a significant increase in proline accumulation in the leaves of stressed mycorrhizal plants, and a substantial reduction in lipid peroxidation, with levels even lower than those in the inoculated control plants”
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