Abstract
Globally, escalating soil salinization poses significant abiotic stress, disproportionately impacting crops like chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.). This legume exhibits high sensitivity to salinity, which disrupts various physiological and metabolic processes, ultimately hindering growth and productivity. AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus) reduces salt’s detrimental effects on plants’ growth by bolstering the plant’s antioxidant defense system, effectively reducing the damage caused by oxidative stress. In this study, the impact of AMF on salinity stress alleviation in chickpea was investigated in pot-grown experiments. Rhizophagus fasciculatus was used to inoculate the seeds of three different chickpea varieties (HC-3, CSG-8962, and C-235), and the physiological and biochemical changes of the AMF-inoculated and non-inoculated chickpea plants were studied. When exposed to salinity stress, the plants exhibited decreased leaf relative water content (RWC %) (21.13–31.30%), increased leaf relative stress injury, decreased chlorophyll content (45.22–58.24%), photochemical quantum yield, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance as compared to the control plants, but opposite results were observed in AMF colonized plants. A 9.16% to 14.79% increase in chlorophyll content was reported after AMF colonization. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) were increased by salt stress. They were further enhanced by AMF inoculation SOD activity by 20.3% to 23.3%, CAT activity by 65.7% to 78.7%, and POX activity by 32.7% to 39.3%. The findings clearly show that AMF Rhizophagus fasciculatus, via enhancing RWC, photosynthetic parameters, and antioxidant enzymes, can mitigate salinity stress in chickpeas.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced leaf relative water content by 21.13–31.30% compared with controls.
- Taxon
- Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
Cicer arietinumt0 - Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf relative water content (RWC %)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 21.13–31.30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When exposed to salinity stress, the plants exhibited decreased leaf relative water content (RWC %) (21.13–31.30%)”
t0“Salt-Stressed Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased leaf relative stress injury.
- Taxon
- Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)Cicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf relative stress injurye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When exposed to salinity stress, the plants exhibited decreased leaf relative water content (RWC %) (21.13–31.30%), increased leaf relative stress injury”
t0“Salt-Stressed Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced chlorophyll content by 45.22–58.24%.
- Taxon
- Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)Cicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 45.22–58.24%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased chlorophyll content (45.22–58.24%)”
t0“Salt-Stressed Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced photochemical quantum yield, photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate.
- Taxon
- Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)Cicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- photochemical quantum yield, photosynthetic rate, transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased chlorophyll content (45.22–58.24%), photochemical quantum yield, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate”
t0“Salt-Stressed Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced stomatal conductance relative to controls.
- Taxon
- Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)Cicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased chlorophyll content (45.22–58.24%), photochemical quantum yield, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance as compared to the control plants”
t0“Salt-Stressed Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF colonization increased chlorophyll content by 9.16% to 14.79%.
- Taxon
- Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)Cicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- AMF colonizatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 9.16% to 14.79%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 9.16% to 14.79% increase in chlorophyll content was reported after AMF colonization”
t0“Salt-Stressed Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased SOD, CAT, and POX activities.
- Taxon
- Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)Cicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) were increased by salt stress”
t0“Salt-Stressed Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation further increased SOD activity by 20.3% to 23.3%.
- Taxon
- Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)Cicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- SOD activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 20.3% to 23.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“They were further enhanced by AMF inoculation SOD activity by 20.3% to 23.3%”
t0“Salt-Stressed Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation further increased CAT activity by 65.7% to 78.7%.
- Taxon
- Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)Cicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- CAT activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 65.7% to 78.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“They were further enhanced by AMF inoculation SOD activity by 20.3% to 23.3%, CAT activity by 65.7% to 78.7%”
t0“Salt-Stressed Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation further increased POX activity by 32.7% to 39.3%.
- Taxon
- Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)Cicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- POX activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 32.7% to 39.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“They were further enhanced by AMF inoculation SOD activity by 20.3% to 23.3%, CAT activity by 65.7% to 78.7%, and POX activity by 32.7% to 39.3%”
t0“Salt-Stressed Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Plants”
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