Abstract
Chickpea is highly sensitive to cold stress during its reproductive stages, leading to significant reductions in potential pod formation due to decreased reproductive success. This study aimed to investigate the specific responses of anthers and ovules to cold stress, explore the role of oxidative stress and antioxidant mechanisms, and understand the relationship between oxidative stress and reproductive function to enhance our understanding of chickpea responses to cold stress. Chickpea seeds of contrasting genotypes—cold-tolerant (ICC 17258, ICC 16349) and cold-sensitive (ICC 15567, GPF 2)—were sown outdoors in early November under optimal conditions (25.5/15.4°C mean day/night temperatures). At 50 days after sowing, plants were subjected to 13/7°C cold stress (12 h light/dark in walk-in growth chambers. Cold stress significantly increased membrane damage and reduced cellular viability in anthers and ovules, particularly in cold-sensitive (CS) genotypes. Oxidative damage was more pronounced in anthers, particularly at anthesis (stage 2), as indicated by elevated malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels. Cold-tolerant (CT) genotypes exhibited increased antioxidant activity under stress, especially at pre-anthesis (stage 1), followed by declines at later stage, although responses varied by genotype. Anthers exhibited higher overall antioxidants activity than ovules, while ovules demonstrated notably high catalase activity. Among the antioxidants studied, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase were most prominent in the CT genotype, along with higher levels of ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH), highlighting the critical role of the AsA–GSH cycle in conferring cold tolerance to chickpea. Exogenous supplementation with 1 mM ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) significantly stimulated pollen germination in cold-stressed plants under in vitro conditions, with a greater effect observed in CS genotypes. Furthermore, antioxidant activity strongly correlated with key reproductive traits such as pollen germination and ovule viability. This study revealed that the anthers and ovules exhibited distinct responses to cold stress, with significant genotypic differences across key reproductive stages. These insights provide a deeper understanding of cold tolerance mechanisms in chickpea and provide vital clues for breeding strategies to enhance resilience and reproductive success under cold stress.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Cold stress increased membrane damage in chickpea anthers and ovules, particularly sensitive genotypes.
- Taxon
- Chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Material
- cold-sensitive (CS) genotypese0
- Organ / stage
- anthers and ovulese0
- Treatment
- Cold stresse0
- Outcome
- membrane damagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cold stress significantly increased membrane damage and reduced cellular viability in anthers and ovules, particularly in cold-sensitive (CS) genotypes”
t0“chickpea’s reproductive organs”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold stress reduced cellular viability in chickpea anthers and ovules, especially sensitive genotypes.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- cold-sensitive (CS) genotypese0
- Organ / stage
- anthers and ovulese0
- Treatment
- Cold stresse0
- Outcome
- cellular viabilitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cold stress significantly increased membrane damage and reduced cellular viability in anthers and ovules, particularly in cold-sensitive (CS) genotypes”
t0“chickpea’s reproductive organs”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxidative damage was more pronounced in anthers at anthesis.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Organ / stage
- antherse0
- Outcome
- Oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
- Qualifier
- anthesis (stage 2)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oxidative damage was more pronounced in anthers, particularly at anthesis (stage 2)”
t0“chickpea’s reproductive organs”
Claim · model-written summary
Malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide were elevated in anthers at anthesis.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levelse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as indicated by elevated malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels”
t0“chickpea’s reproductive organs”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold tolerant chickpea genotypes increased antioxidant activity under stress at pre anthesis, declining later.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- Cold-tolerant (CT) genotypese0
- Organ / stage
- pre-anthesis (stage 1)e0
- Treatment
- stresse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- responses varied by genotypee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cold-tolerant (CT) genotypes exhibited increased antioxidant activity under stress, especially at pre-anthesis (stage 1), followed by declines at later stage, although responses varied by genotype”
t0“chickpea’s reproductive organs”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity declined at later stages in cold tolerant chickpea genotypes.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- declinese0
- Qualifier
- responses varied by genotypee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased antioxidant activity under stress, especially at pre-anthesis (stage 1), followed by declines at later stage, although responses varied by genotype”
t0“chickpea’s reproductive organs”
Claim · model-written summary
Chickpea anthers had higher overall antioxidant activity than ovules.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Organ / stage
- Antherse0
- Outcome
- antioxidants activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- ovulese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthers exhibited higher overall antioxidants activity than ovules”
t0“chickpea’s reproductive organs”
Claim · model-written summary
Chickpea ovules had notably high catalase activity.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Organ / stage
- ovulese0
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- catalase activitye0
- Direction
- notably highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ovules demonstrated notably high catalase activity”
t0“chickpea’s reproductive organs”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase were most prominent antioxidants in cold tolerant chickpea.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- CT genotypee0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase were most prominente0
- Direction
- most prominente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase were most prominent in the CT genotype”
t0“chickpea’s reproductive organs”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold tolerant chickpea had higher ascorbate and glutathione levels.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- levels of ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher levels of ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH)”
t0“chickpea’s reproductive organs”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ascorbate and glutathione stimulated pollen germination under cold stress, especially in sensitive genotypes.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- CS genotypese0
- Treatment
- 1 mM ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH)e0
- Outcome
- pollen germinatione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Setting
- in vitro conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous supplementation with 1 mM ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) significantly stimulated pollen germination in cold-stressed plants under in vitro conditions, with a greater effect observed in CS genotypes”
t0“chickpea’s reproductive organs”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity correlated with chickpea pollen germination and ovule viability.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Organ / stage
- ovulee0
- Outcome
- pollen germination and ovule viabilitye0
- Qualifier
- antioxidant activity strongly correlatede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant activity strongly correlated with key reproductive traits such as pollen germination and ovule viability”
t0“chickpea’s reproductive organs”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.