Abstract
Chickpea is sensitive to chilling temperatures (<10°C), especially at its reproductive phase leading to floral abortion. The exact causes of reproductive failures are not fully understood. In the present study, we assessed the cold-induced damage to development and functioning of male and female components by growing an early flowering chickpea genotype ICCV 96029 under warm conditions of the glasshouse (control; average maximum and minimum temperature ≥28/15°C) as well as under cold conditions of the field (average maximum and minimum temperature ≤20/10°C during reproductive phase). Low temperature of the field environment restricted the vegetative growth and delayed all the phenological stages in comparison to control plants. Apart from this, it led to some vegetative aberrations like chlorosis, necrosis of leaf tips and curling of whole leaf. The damage to reproductive stage involved abscission of juvenile buds and flowers and abortion of pods. On the whole, pollen development at young microspore stage appeared to be severely affected in stressed conditions compared to the control conditions. Pollen viability was suppressed during stressed conditions (60%) compared to normal plants (95%). Stigma receptivity, in vivo pollen germination and pollen tube growth were inhibited in the stressed plants. Fluorescent studies showed that the stigma either did not show any pollen load or pollen grains did not germinate on its surface in stressed plants. Even when the pollen grains germinated, the pollen tubes rarely grew beyond the proximal region of the style; mostly the pollen tubes were impaired in their growth and did not reach the ovules leading to failure in fertilization. The egg and secondary nucleus in such ovules ultimately disintegrated without fertilizing and hence no seed formation occurred.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature of the field environment restricted vegetative growth of chickpea compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Treatment
- Low temperature of the field environmente0
- Outcome
- vegetative growthe0
- Direction
- restrictede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea”
e0“Low temperature of the field environment restricted the vegetative growth and delayed all the phenological stages in comparison to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature of the field environment delayed all phenological stages of chickpea compared with control plants.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Low temperature of the field environmente0
- Outcome
- phenological stagese0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea”
e0“Low temperature of the field environment restricted the vegetative growth and delayed all the phenological stages in comparison to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature caused vegetative aberrations such as chlorosis, necrosis of leaf tips and leaf curling.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Low temperature of the field environmente5
- Outcome
- vegetative aberrations like chlorosis, necrosis of leaf tips and curling of whole leafe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea”
e5“Low temperature of the field environment”
e0“Apart from this, it led to some vegetative aberrations like chlorosis, necrosis of leaf tips and curling of whole leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature led to abscission of juvenile buds and flowers and abortion of pods.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Low temperature of the field environmente5
- Outcome
- abscission of juvenile buds and flowers and abortion of podse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea”
e5“Low temperature of the field environment”
e0“The damage to reproductive stage involved abscission of juvenile buds and flowers and abortion of pods”
Claim · model-written summary
Pollen development at the young microspore stage appeared to be severely affected under stressed conditions compared with control conditions.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Organ / stage
- young microspore stagee0
- Treatment
- stressed conditionse0
- Outcome
- pollen developmente0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Comparator
- control conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea”
e0“pollen development at young microspore stage appeared to be severely affected in stressed conditions compared to the control conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Pollen viability was suppressed to 60% under stressed conditions compared with 95% in normal plants.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- stressed conditionse0
- Outcome
- Pollen viabilitye0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 60%e0
- Qualifier
- 95%e0
- Comparator
- normal plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea”
e0“Pollen viability was suppressed during stressed conditions (60%) compared to normal plants (95%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Stigma receptivity, in vivo pollen germination and pollen tube growth were inhibited in the stressed plants.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- stressed plantse0
- Outcome
- Stigma receptivity, in vivo pollen germination and pollen tube growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea”
e0“Stigma receptivity, in vivo pollen germination and pollen tube growth were inhibited in the stressed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In stressed plants the stigma either showed no pollen load or pollen grains did not germinate on its surface.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- did not show any pollen load or pollen grains did not germinate on its surfacee0
- Qualifier
- stressed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea”
e0“the stigma either did not show any pollen load or pollen grains did not germinate on its surface in stressed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Pollen tubes rarely grew beyond the proximal region of the style, were impaired in growth and did not reach the ovules, leading to failure of fertilization.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- pollen tubes rarely grew beyond the proximal region of the stylee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea”
e0“the pollen tubes rarely grew beyond the proximal region of the style; mostly the pollen tubes were impaired in their growth and did not reach the ovules leading to failure in fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
The egg and secondary nucleus in such ovules disintegrated without fertilizing.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- egg and secondary nucleus in such ovules ultimately disintegrated without fertilizinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea”
e0“The egg and secondary nucleus in such ovules ultimately disintegrated without fertilizing and hence no seed formation occurred”
Claim · model-written summary
No seed formation occurred in the affected ovules.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- no seed formation occurrede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea”
e0“The egg and secondary nucleus in such ovules ultimately disintegrated without fertilizing and hence no seed formation occurred”
Claim · model-written summary
Chickpea is sensitive to chilling temperatures, especially at its reproductive phase, leading to floral abortion.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Outcome
- sensitive to chilling temperaturese0
- Qualifier
- especially at its reproductive phase leading to floral abortione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chickpea is sensitive to chilling temperatures (<10°C), especially at its reproductive phase leading to floral abortion”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.