Abstract
Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is a major legume crop in India and faces challenges due to changing climate conditions. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of elevated temperature (eT, 3.0 ± 0.5 °C above ambient) and its interaction with elevated carbon dioxide (eCO 2 , 550 ± 50 ppm) on yield and nutritional quality of haulms from groundnut crop. The experiment was conducted with two groundnut varieties (K6 and Narayani) and was evaluated under ambient temperature + ambient carbon dioxide (A), elevated temperature + ambient carbon dioxide (eT) and elevated temperature + elevated carbon dioxide (eT + eCO 2 ) conditions of free air temperature elevation (FATE) facility. Elevated temperature significantly reduced the yield of haulms compared to ambient conditions. Elevated CO 2 concentrations compensated to a major extent for temperature-induced yield reductions. Nutrient content in haulms was influenced by environmental conditions, with higher ash and lower organic matter in GN haulms under eT and eT + eCO 2 conditions. Elevated temperature and CO 2 levels led to decreased crude protein and increased NDF. Calcium increased, whereas phosphorus and zinc content were decreased in haulms under eT and eT + eCO 2 . Anti-nutritional constituents such as lignin and silica increased under elevated temperature and eCO 2 levels. Degradability and energy levels were adversely affected by elevated temperature, with lower total digestible nutrients and in vitro true degradability. In vitro gas production was also decreased under elevated temperature conditions from GN haulms. These findings highlight the complex interactions between climate factors and groundnut haulms as livestock feed, with implications for livestock productivity in the face of future climate change. • ECO 2 mitigated to some extent the negative impact of eT on GN haulms yield. • ET and eT + eCO 2 altered nutrient content and anti-nutrient's concentration in GN haulms. • ET and eT + eCO 2 increased calcium and decreased phosphorus and zinc content in GN haulms. • ET and eT + eCO 2 decreased in vitro true degradability of GN haulms.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature significantly reduced groundnut haulm yield relative to ambient conditions.
- Taxon
- Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)
Arachis hypogaeae1 - Treatment
- Elevated temperaturee0
- Outcome
- yield of haulmse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- ambient conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated temperature significantly reduced the yield of haulms compared to ambient conditions.”
e1“Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide largely compensated for temperature-related yield reduction.
- Taxon
- Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)Arachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- Elevated CO 2 concentrationse0
- Outcome
- yield reductionse0
- Direction
- compensatede0
- Comparator
- temperature-induced yield reductionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated CO 2 concentrations compensated to a major extent for temperature-induced yield reductions.”
e1“Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ash in groundnut haulms was higher under elevated temperature with or without elevated carbon dioxide.
- Taxon
- Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)Arachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- eT and eT + eCO 2e0
- Outcome
- ashe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher ash and lower organic matter in GN haulms under eT and eT + eCO 2 conditions”
e1“Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic matter in groundnut haulms was lower under elevated temperature with or without elevated carbon dioxide.
- Taxon
- Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)Arachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- eT and eT + eCO 2e0
- Outcome
- organic mattere0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher ash and lower organic matter in GN haulms under eT and eT + eCO 2 conditions”
e1“Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature and carbon dioxide decreased groundnut haulm crude protein.
- Taxon
- Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)Arachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- Elevated temperature and CO 2 levelse0
- Outcome
- crude proteine0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated temperature and CO 2 levels led to decreased crude protein and increased NDF.”
e1“Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature and carbon dioxide increased groundnut haulm NDF.
- Taxon
- Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)Arachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- Elevated temperature and CO 2 levelse0
- Outcome
- NDFe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated temperature and CO 2 levels led to decreased crude protein and increased NDF.”
e1“Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Groundnut haulm calcium increased under elevated temperature with or without elevated carbon dioxide.
- Taxon
- Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)Arachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- eT and eT + eCO 2e0
- Outcome
- Calciume0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium increased, whereas phosphorus and zinc content were decreased in haulms under eT and eT + eCO 2 .”
e1“Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Groundnut haulm phosphorus and zinc content decreased under elevated temperature with or without elevated carbon dioxide.
- Taxon
- Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)Arachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- eT and eT + eCO 2e0
- Outcome
- phosphorus and zinc contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium increased, whereas phosphorus and zinc content were decreased in haulms under eT and eT + eCO 2 .”
e1“Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lignin and silica in groundnut haulms increased under elevated temperature and carbon dioxide.
- Taxon
- Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)Arachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- elevated temperature and eCO 2 levelse0
- Outcome
- lignin and silicae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anti-nutritional constituents such as lignin and silica increased under elevated temperature and eCO 2 levels.”
e1“Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature lowered total digestible nutrients and in vitro true degradability in groundnut haulms.
- Taxon
- Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)Arachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- elevated temperaturee0
- Outcome
- total digestible nutrients and in vitro true degradabilitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Degradability and energy levels were adversely affected by elevated temperature, with lower total digestible nutrients and in vitro true degradability.”
e1“Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature decreased in vitro gas production from groundnut haulms.
- Taxon
- Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)Arachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- elevated temperature conditionse0
- Outcome
- In vitro gas productione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In vitro gas production was also decreased under elevated temperature conditions from GN haulms.”
e1“Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.)”
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