Abstract
Phylloquinone (Phyllo) or vitamin K1 is mostly available in plant-based foods such as spinach and lettuce. Because Phyllo absorption in the human gut is low, foods with significantly high levels of Phyllo can aid in maintaining adequate vitamin K levels when consumed. We conducted two experiments, i.e., monochromatic and broadband, to understand the effects of light quality on enhancing Phyllo levels in lettuce. Both experiments used green romaine lettuce and a customized indoor growth system with light emitting diode (LED) lights. We measured fresh weight (FW), dry weight, leaf area, leaf number, and Phyllo levels in both experiments. Photosynthesis (A)- photon flux density (PPFD) response curves were measured in the second experiment. In the first experiment, plants were grown under six monochromatic light treatments viz., ultraviolet (UV389), blue (B450), green (G521), red (R632), hyper-red (R662), and far-red (FR733) during the entire growth period. Phyllo level was higher in UV389 and not different among other treatments. Vegetative growth parameters trended in the order of R632 > R662/G521 > B450 > UV389 > FR733. These results suggested that UV389 can increase Phyllo levels but its addition can have a negative effect on vegetative growth. In the second experiment, plants were grown under two treatments viz., UV389 substituted in the broadband light (40% of total light) during the stationary growth stage (UVsub) and control (broadband light without substitution). Results indicated that FW was lower by 24% but Phyllo level increased by approximately 175% in the UVsub treatment compared to control. These results suggest that UV389 provided during the stationary growth phase can enhance Phyllo, however, further lowering the percentage of UV389 may be required to minimize the negative effect on vegetative growth. Analysis of A-PPFD curves indicated lower operating photosynthesis (AOP) and light use efficiency (LUE) in the UVsub compared to control. Analysis indicated that UV-A light provided during the stationary growth stage contributed little to AOP. This suggests that increased Phyllo levels from UV-A exposure did not enhance A but likely provided photoprotection by channeling excess excitation energy through alternate pathways.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
UV389 produced higher phylloquinone levels than the other monochromatic light treatments.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae7 - Treatment
- UV389e0
- Outcome
- Phyllo levele0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phyllo level was higher in UV389 and not different among other treatments.”
e7“green romaine lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Phylloquinone levels did not differ among the non-UV389 monochromatic treatments.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae7
- Treatment
- other treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Phyllo levele0
- Direction
- not differente0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phyllo level was higher in UV389 and not different among other treatments.”
e7“green romaine lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetative growth ranked R632 above R662/G521, B450, UV389 and FR733.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae7
- Outcome
- Vegetative growth parameterse0
- Direction
- R632 > R662/G521 > B450 > UV389 > FR733e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vegetative growth parameters trended in the order of R632 > R662/G521 > B450 > UV389 > FR733.”
e7“green romaine lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
UVsub lowered fresh weight by 24% compared with control.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae7
- Treatment
- UVsube0
- Outcome
- FWe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FW was lower by 24% but Phyllo level increased by approximately 175% in the UVsub treatment compared to control.”
e7“green romaine lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
UVsub increased phylloquinone level by approximately 175% compared with control.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae7
- Treatment
- UVsube0
- Outcome
- Phyllo levele0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- approximately 175%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FW was lower by 24% but Phyllo level increased by approximately 175% in the UVsub treatment compared to control.”
e7“green romaine lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
UVsub lowered operating photosynthesis compared with control.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae7
- Treatment
- UVsube0
- Outcome
- operating photosynthesis (AOP)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower operating photosynthesis (AOP) and light use efficiency (LUE) in the UVsub compared to control.”
e7“green romaine lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
UVsub lowered light use efficiency compared with control.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae7
- Treatment
- UVsube0
- Outcome
- light use efficiency (LUE)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower operating photosynthesis (AOP) and light use efficiency (LUE) in the UVsub compared to control.”
e7“green romaine lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-A during stationary growth contributed little to operating photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae7
- Organ / stage
- stationary growth stagee0
- Treatment
- UV-A lighte0
- Outcome
- AOPe0
- Direction
- contributed littlee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UV-A light provided during the stationary growth stage contributed little to AOP.”
e7“green romaine lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that increased phylloquinone from UV-A did not enhance photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae7
- Treatment
- UV-A exposuree0
- Outcome
- Ae0
- Direction
- did not enhancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased Phyllo levels from UV-A exposure did not enhance A”
e7“green romaine lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest increased phylloquinone likely provided photoprotection through alternate excitation-energy pathways.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae7
- Treatment
- UV-A exposuree0
- Outcome
- photoprotectione0
- Qualifier
- channeling excess excitation energy through alternate pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased Phyllo levels from UV-A exposure did not enhance A but likely provided photoprotection by channeling excess excitation energy through alternate pathways.”
e7“green romaine lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest lowering the UV389 percentage to minimize its negative effect on vegetative growth.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae7
- Outcome
- lowering the percentage of UV389e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“further lowering the percentage of UV389 may be required to minimize the negative effect on vegetative growth.”
e7“green romaine lettuce”
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See all 75 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.