Abstract
• Heat stress during ear peep reduces wheat grain numbers. • Prolonged heat stress during filling reduces grain weight. • Heat-tolerant genotypes keep photosynthesis, pollen viability, and redox steady. • Flag leaf heat tolerance relies on photosynthesis and redox proteins. • Spike fertility relies on carbohydrate metabolism and redox proteins. Heat stress significantly limits global bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying heat tolerance by comparing physiological responses, yield components, and proteomic profiles in flag leaves and spike tissues of two heat-tolerant (RAJ3765-T, HD2932-T) and two susceptible (HD2329-S, HD2733-S) wheat genotypes under short-term (32 °C for 5 days) and long-term (32 °C until maturity) heat stress at ear peep (Zadoks’ stage 51). Short-term heat stress significantly reduced grain yield (6.16–42.78 %), primarily by decreasing grain number per plant (27.79–57.73 %), while long-term heat stress reduced thousand grain weight (10.55–27.33 %). Tolerant genotypes (RAJ3765-T, HD2932-T) maintained higher grain yields by preserving photosynthesis, membrane stability ( r = 0.88, p ≤ 0.05), pollen viability ( r = 0.74, p ≤ 0.05) and chlorophyll content ( r = 0.82, p ≤ 0.05) while preventing excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation ( r =–0.83, p ≤ 0.05). These genotypes also sustained higher above-ground biomass and harvest index under both the heat conditions, whereas grain protein content increased across all genotypes (8.91–15.47 %). Proteomic analysis identified 31 and 60 differentially abundant proteins in flag leaves and spikes, respectively. Key proteins associated with heat tolerance in flag leaves were involved in photosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and chromatin organization, while those linked to susceptibility were related to carbohydrate metabolism, methylation, chromatin and cell wall organization, and solute transport. Disrupted redox homeostasis was a typical heat susceptibility response in both spikes and flag leaves. Co-expression analysis revealed protein networks associated with redox homeostasis and chlorophyll biosynthesis, which significantly correlated with grain yield, offering novel biomarkers to breeding heat-tolerant wheat varieties.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Short-term heat stress significantly reduced bread wheat grain yield (6.16–42.78 %).
- Taxon
- bread wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Short-term heat stresse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 6.16–42.78 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Heat tolerance mechanisms in bread wheat”
e0“Short-term heat stress significantly reduced grain yield (6.16–42.78 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Short-term heat stress reduced grain number per plant by 27.79–57.73 %.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Short-term heat stresse0
- Outcome
- grain number per plante1
- Direction
- decreasinge1
- Value
- 27.79–57.73 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Heat tolerance mechanisms in bread wheat”
e0“Short-term heat stress significantly reduced grain yield (6.16–42.78 %)”
e1“primarily by decreasing grain number per plant (27.79–57.73 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term heat stress reduced thousand grain weight by 10.55–27.33 %.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- long-term heat stresse0
- Outcome
- thousand grain weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 10.55–27.33 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Heat tolerance mechanisms in bread wheat”
e0“long-term heat stress reduced thousand grain weight (10.55–27.33 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat-tolerant bread wheat genotypes maintained higher grain yields than susceptible genotypes.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- RAJ3765-T, HD2932-Te0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Heat tolerance mechanisms in bread wheat”
e0“Tolerant genotypes (RAJ3765-T, HD2932-T) maintained higher grain yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Preserved membrane stability in tolerant genotypes was associated with higher grain yield (r = 0.88, p ≤ 0.05).
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- RAJ3765-T, HD2932-Te0
- Outcome
- membrane stabilitye0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- r = 0.88, p ≤ 0.05e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Heat tolerance mechanisms in bread wheat”
e0“Tolerant genotypes (RAJ3765-T, HD2932-T) maintained higher grain yields by preserving photosynthesis, membrane stability ( r = 0.88, p ≤ 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Preserved pollen viability in tolerant genotypes was associated with higher grain yield (r = 0.74, p ≤ 0.05).
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- RAJ3765-T, HD2932-Te0
- Outcome
- pollen viabilitye1
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- r = 0.74, p ≤ 0.05e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Heat tolerance mechanisms in bread wheat”
e0“Tolerant genotypes (RAJ3765-T, HD2932-T) maintained higher grain yields”
e1“pollen viability ( r = 0.74, p ≤ 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Preserved chlorophyll content in tolerant genotypes was associated with higher grain yield (r = 0.82, p ≤ 0.05).
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- RAJ3765-T, HD2932-Te0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- r = 0.82, p ≤ 0.05e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Heat tolerance mechanisms in bread wheat”
e0“Tolerant genotypes (RAJ3765-T, HD2932-T) maintained higher grain yields”
e1“chlorophyll content ( r = 0.82, p ≤ 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant genotypes prevented excessive reactive oxygen species accumulation, a negative correlation with grain yield (r = -0.83, p ≤ 0.05).
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- RAJ3765-T, HD2932-Te0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulatione1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- r =–0.83, p ≤ 0.05e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Heat tolerance mechanisms in bread wheat”
e0“Tolerant genotypes (RAJ3765-T, HD2932-T) maintained higher grain yields”
e1“preventing excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation ( r =–0.83, p ≤ 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant genotypes sustained higher above-ground biomass and harvest index under both heat conditions.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- These genotypese0
- Outcome
- above-ground biomass and harvest indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Heat tolerance mechanisms in bread wheat”
e0“These genotypes also sustained higher above-ground biomass and harvest index under both the heat conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain protein content increased across all bread wheat genotypes (8.91–15.47 %) under heat stress.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.91–15.47 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Heat tolerance mechanisms in bread wheat”
e0“grain protein content increased across all genotypes (8.91–15.47 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Proteomic analysis identified 31 differentially abundant proteins in flag leaves.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Outcome
- differentially abundant proteinse0
- Value
- 31e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Heat tolerance mechanisms in bread wheat”
e0“Proteomic analysis identified 31 and 60 differentially abundant proteins in flag leaves and spikes, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Proteomic analysis identified 60 differentially abundant proteins in spikes.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- spikese0
- Outcome
- differentially abundant proteinse0
- Value
- 60e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Heat tolerance mechanisms in bread wheat”
e0“Proteomic analysis identified 31 and 60 differentially abundant proteins in flag leaves and spikes, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Key flag leaf proteins associated with heat tolerance were involved in photosynthesis, amino acid metabolism and chromatin organization.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Outcome
- involved in photosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and chromatin organizatione0
- Qualifier
- associated with heat tolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Heat tolerance mechanisms in bread wheat”
e0“Key proteins associated with heat tolerance in flag leaves were involved in photosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and chromatin organization”
Claim · model-written summary
Proteins linked to susceptibility were related to carbohydrate metabolism, methylation, chromatin and cell wall organization, and solute transport.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- related to carbohydrate metabolism, methylation, chromatin and cell wall organization, and solute transporte0
- Qualifier
- linked to susceptibilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Heat tolerance mechanisms in bread wheat”
e0“those linked to susceptibility were related to carbohydrate metabolism, methylation, chromatin and cell wall organization, and solute transport”
Claim · model-written summary
Disrupted redox homeostasis was a typical heat susceptibility response in both spikes and flag leaves.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- spikes and flag leavese0
- Outcome
- Disrupted redox homeostasise0
- Qualifier
- typical heat susceptibility responsee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Heat tolerance mechanisms in bread wheat”
e0“Disrupted redox homeostasis was a typical heat susceptibility response in both spikes and flag leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-expression protein networks associated with redox homeostasis and chlorophyll biosynthesis significantly correlated with grain yield.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- protein networkse0
- Qualifier
- significantly correlated with grain yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Heat tolerance mechanisms in bread wheat”
e0“Co-expression analysis revealed protein networks associated with redox homeostasis and chlorophyll biosynthesis, which significantly correlated with grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The protein networks offer novel biomarkers for breeding heat-tolerant wheat varieties.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- novel biomarkerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Heat tolerance mechanisms in bread wheat”
e0“offering novel biomarkers to breeding heat-tolerant wheat varieties”
The same questions in other papers
heat · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
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