Abstract
Salinity is a major challenge to optimizing plant production worldwide. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and goat manure have been shown to alleviate the negative effects of salt stress. This study aims to investigate the mechanism by which PGPR and goat manure mitigate salt stress and enhance shallot yield. Conducted from July to November 2023 in Poncokusumo, Malang, this study employed a randomized block- design (RBD) with three treatment factors: salinity (0 and 150 mM NaCl), PGPR concentration (0, 10, and 20 ml L-1), and goat manure (0, 10, and 20 t ha-1). A combination of 20 ml L-1 PGPR and 20 t ha-1 goat manure was applied to evaluate its effect on plant growth and yield components under both normal or salt stress conditions. The results showed that 150 mM NaCl significantly reduced plant growth variables (leaf number, leaf area, tiller number, biomass) and yield parameters (bulbs number, bulb diameter, bulb fresh weight). The combination of 20 ml L-1 PGPR and 20 t ha-1 goat manure treatment led to greater improvements in plant morphology compared to untreated plants, both under normal and stressed conditions. This treatment also enhanced relative chlorophyll content and relative water content (RWC). Additionally, salinity increased osmoprotectant levels, such as proline and flavonoids. Moreover, the treatment of PGPR and goat manure under salinity significantly boosted these compounds, which are crucial for salinity defense. Our findings suggest that the combined use of rhizobacteria and biofertilizers as soil organic amendments under salinity stress can improve crop resilience and yield, supporting sustainable agricultural practices.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl significantly reduced shallot leaf number, leaf area and tiller number.
- Taxon
- Shallot (Allium cepa L.)
Allium cepat0 - Treatment
- 150 mM NaCle1
- Outcome
- leaf number, leaf area, tiller numbere1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shallot (Allium cepa L.)”
e1“150 mM NaCl significantly reduced plant growth variables (leaf number, leaf area, tiller number, biomass) and yield parameters (bulbs number, bulb diameter, bulb fresh weight)”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl significantly reduced shallot biomass.
- Taxon
- Shallot (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- 150 mM NaCle1
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shallot (Allium cepa L.)”
e1“150 mM NaCl significantly reduced plant growth variables (leaf number, leaf area, tiller number, biomass) and yield parameters (bulbs number, bulb diameter, bulb fresh weight)”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM NaCl significantly reduced shallot bulb number, bulb diameter and bulb fresh weight.
- Taxon
- Shallot (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- 150 mM NaCle1
- Outcome
- bulbs number, bulb diameter, bulb fresh weighte1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shallot (Allium cepa L.)”
e1“150 mM NaCl significantly reduced plant growth variables (leaf number, leaf area, tiller number, biomass) and yield parameters (bulbs number, bulb diameter, bulb fresh weight)”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of 20 ml L-1 PGPR and 20 t ha-1 goat manure gave greater improvements in shallot morphology than untreated plants, under both normal and stressed conditions.
- Taxon
- Shallot (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- 20 ml L-1 PGPR and 20 t ha-1 goat manuree2
- Outcome
- plant morphologye2
- Direction
- greater improvementse2
- Qualifier
- both under normal and stressed conditionse2
- Comparator
- untreated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shallot (Allium cepa L.)”
e2“The combination of 20 ml L-1 PGPR and 20 t ha-1 goat manure treatment led to greater improvements in plant morphology compared to untreated plants, both under normal and stressed conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The PGPR and goat manure combination enhanced relative chlorophyll content and relative water content of shallot.
- Taxon
- Shallot (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- 20 ml L-1 PGPR and 20 t ha-1 goat manuree2
- Outcome
- relative chlorophyll content and relative water content (RWC)e3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Comparator
- untreated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shallot (Allium cepa L.)”
e2“The combination of 20 ml L-1 PGPR and 20 t ha-1 goat manure treatment led to greater improvements in plant morphology compared to untreated plants, both under normal and stressed conditions”
e3“This treatment also enhanced relative chlorophyll content and relative water content (RWC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased osmoprotectant levels, such as proline and flavonoids, in shallot.
- Taxon
- Shallot (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- salinitye4
- Compound
- proline and flavonoidse4
- Outcome
- osmoprotectant levelse4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shallot (Allium cepa L.)”
e4“Additionally, salinity increased osmoprotectant levels, such as proline and flavonoids”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR and goat manure under salinity significantly boosted the osmoprotectant compounds of shallot.
- Taxon
- Shallot (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- the treatment of PGPR and goat manure under salinitye5
- Outcome
- these compoundse5
- Direction
- boostede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shallot (Allium cepa L.)”
e5“Moreover, the treatment of PGPR and goat manure under salinity significantly boosted these compounds, which are crucial for salinity defense”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combined rhizobacteria and biofertilizer use as soil organic amendments under salinity stress to improve shallot resilience and yield.
- Taxon
- Shallot (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Outcome
- crop resilience and yielde6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Shallot (Allium cepa L.)”
e6“the combined use of rhizobacteria and biofertilizers as soil organic amendments under salinity stress can improve crop resilience and yield”
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