Abstract
Formation and function of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are affected by levels of fertility in soil or fertilizers applied to soilless container mixes. For AM fungi, phosphorus (P) is the main element influencing colonization of host plant roots. The question addressed in this study was whether inorganic or organic fertilizers were more compatible with the formation and function of AM. Several controlled-release inorganic (CRI) fertilizers were compared with several organic (OR) fertilizers at different rates (½× to 4× the recommended rate) to determine (1) threshold levels of tolerance by the AM fungus Glomus intraradices in relation to root colonization, and (2) growth responses of `Guardsman' bunching onion ( Allium cepa ) and `Orange Cupido' miniature rose ( Rosa spp.) plants grown in a soilless potting mix or sandy loam soil. AM colonization in soil was greatly decreased or totally inhibited by CRI fertilizers with high P content at the 2× rate or greater, whereas colonization was decreased but never eliminated by low-P OR fertilizers at the 3× rate or greater. Shoot growth of onions was similar with or without AM inoculation when fertilized with CRI, but in general was only enhanced by OR fertilizers if inoculated with AM fungi, compared to the noninoculated controls. Shoot and root growth of onions were significantly increased by AM inoculation when OR fertilizers were used at the 1× rate. In contrast, root growth was not increased by the combination of CRI fertilizers and AM fungal inoculation. Inoculation of miniature roses grown in sandy loam amended with 25% peat and perlite and fertilized with all the CRI or OR fertilizers resulted in high AM colonization, but without much AM-induced growth increase except where OR fertilizers or CRI fertilizers with low P were used. In a soilless potting mix, growth of miniature roses was less with OR fertilizers at the rates used than CRI fertilizers, but mycorrhiza formation was greater in the former unless P was low in the latter. These results indicate that release of nutrients from organic fertilizers, as a result of microbial activity, favors AM establishment and function more than most inorganic fertilizers unless P levels of the latter are low.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
High-P inorganic fertilizer strongly reduced or eliminated AM colonization in soil at 2× or higher.
- Treatment
- CRI fertilizers with high P content at the 2× rate or greatere0
- Interactor
- AMe0
- Outcome
- AM colonization in soile0
- Direction
- greatly decreased or totally inhibitede0
Not reportedTaxonInteractor roleComparator
Verbatim
e0“AM colonization in soil was greatly decreased or totally inhibited by CRI fertilizers with high P content at the 2× rate or greater”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-P organic fertilizer reduced but did not eliminate AM colonization at 3× or higher.
- Treatment
- low-P OR fertilizers at the 3× rate or greatere0
- Outcome
- colonizatione0
- Direction
- decreased but never eliminatede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“colonization was decreased but never eliminated by low-P OR fertilizers at the 3× rate or greater”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion shoot growth was similar with and without AM inoculation under CRI fertilizer.
- Taxon
- onions
Allium cepae0 - Treatment
- AM inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMe0
- Outcome
- Shoot growthe0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- without AM inoculatione0
Not reportedInteractor role
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot growth of onions was similar with or without AM inoculation when fertilized with CRI”
Claim · model-written summary
AM inoculation generally enhanced onion shoot growth under organic fertilizer.
- Treatment
- inoculated with AM fungie0
- Interactor
- AM fungiGlomeromycotae0
- Outcome
- enhancede0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- noninoculated controlse0
Not reportedTaxonInteractor role
Verbatim
e0“in general was only enhanced by OR fertilizers if inoculated with AM fungi, compared to the noninoculated controls”
Claim · model-written summary
AM inoculation significantly increased onion shoot and root growth at the 1× organic-fertilizer rate.
- Taxon
- onionsAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- AM inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMe0
- Outcome
- Shoot and root growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- OR fertilizers were used at the 1× ratee0
Not reportedInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot and root growth of onions were significantly increased by AM inoculation when OR fertilizers were used at the 1× rate”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of CRI fertilizer and AM inoculation did not increase onion root growth.
- Treatment
- combination of CRI fertilizers and AM fungal inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AM fungale0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- not increasede0
Not reportedTaxonInteractor roleComparator
Verbatim
e0“root growth was not increased by the combination of CRI fertilizers and AM fungal inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated roses had high AM colonization across tested fertilizers.
Not reportedInteractor role
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation of miniature roses grown in sandy loam amended with 25% peat and perlite and fertilized with all the CRI or OR fertilizers resulted in high AM colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated roses showed little growth gain except under organic or low-P inorganic fertilizer.
- Outcome
- AM-induced growth increasee0
- Direction
- without muche0
- Qualifier
- except where OR fertilizers or CRI fertilizers with low P were usede0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“without much AM-induced growth increase except where OR fertilizers or CRI fertilizers with low P were used”
Claim · model-written summary
Roses in soilless mix grew less with organic than inorganic fertilizer.
Verbatim
e0“In a soilless potting mix, growth of miniature roses was less with OR fertilizers at the rates used than CRI fertilizers”
Claim · model-written summary
Roses formed more mycorrhizae with organic than inorganic fertilizer unless inorganic phosphorus was low.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“mycorrhiza formation was greater in the former unless P was low in the latter”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.