Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) growth, yield and quality are affected by abiotic stress especially drought. Understanding the strategies that improve dehydration tolerance is essential for developing resistant pistachio rootstocks. In the experiment, nine-month-old saplings of seven clonal interspecies hybrids of Pistacia atlantica × P. integerrima (C1, C2, C16-1, C8-3, C4-2, C9-4 and UCB1) were assessed for growth and physiological responses to water withholding and recovery. RESULT: Water deficit negatively impacted growth parameters, including shoot dry weight, root dry weight and leaf area, in all hybrids; however, the C1 demonstrated relatively minor reductions compared to the other hybrids. Glycine betaine content in leaves increased by 49.4% in C9-4 and 47% in C1, while only 7% and 11% increases were found in the most sensitive clones, C8-3 and C4-2. Notably, C9-4, identified as the most tolerant clone, displayed the highest proline levels, with increases of 29.5% in leaves and 41.5% in roots, in contrast to C8-3, which showed minimal increases of 6% and 11% in leaves and roots, respectively. Clones with higher compatible solutes maintained higher relative water content (RWC), lower osmotic potential and smaller reductions in leaf water potential. RWC declined by just 6% in C9-4, whereas it dropped by 88% in C8-3. Osmotic potentials in C9-4 were - 1.61 MPa in leaves and - 0.271 MPa in roots, while in C8-3, they were - 0.93 MPa and - 0.11 MPa in leaves and roots, respectively. Following recovery, evaluations of growth, physiological traits and visual observations indicated that C8-3 had poor recovery ability. Heatmap and PCA analyses categorized the clones into three groups: "tolerant" (C9-4, C1 and C2), "moderately tolerant" (UCB1) and "sensitive" (C8-3, C4-2 and C16-1). CONCLUSION: The results of this study underscore the significance of osmotic adjustment as a more critical trait compared to growth and stomatal parameters in effectively differentiating tolerant clones from sensitive ones.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit negatively impacted growth parameters in all pistachio hybrids; C1 showed relatively minor reductions compared to the other hybrids.
- Taxon
- pistachio
Pistacia verat0 - Treatment
- Water deficite1
- Outcome
- growth parameterse1
- Direction
- negatively impactede1
- Qualifier
- C1 demonstrated relatively minor reductions compared to the other hybridse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Water deficit negatively impacted growth parameters, including shoot dry weight, root dry weight and leaf area, in all hybrids; however, the C1 demonstrated relatively minor reductions compared to the other hybrids”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine content in leaves of C9-4 increased by 49.4%.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Material
- C9-4e2
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Outcome
- Glycine betaine contente2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 49.4%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Glycine betaine content in leaves increased by 49.4% in C9-4 and 47% in C1”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine content in leaves of C1 increased by 47%.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Material
- C1e2
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Outcome
- Glycine betaine contente2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 47%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Glycine betaine content in leaves increased by 49.4% in C9-4 and 47% in C1”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine content increased by only 7% in C8-3, one of the most sensitive clones.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Material
- C8-3e3
- Outcome
- Glycine betaine contente2
- Direction
- increasese3
- Value
- 7%e3
- Qualifier
- most sensitive clonese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Glycine betaine content in leaves increased by 49.4% in C9-4 and 47% in C1”
e3“while only 7% and 11% increases were found in the most sensitive clones, C8-3 and C4-2”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine content increased by only 11% in C4-2, one of the most sensitive clones.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Material
- C4-2e3
- Outcome
- Glycine betaine contente2
- Direction
- increasese3
- Value
- 11%e3
- Qualifier
- most sensitive clonese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Glycine betaine content in leaves increased by 49.4% in C9-4 and 47% in C1”
e3“while only 7% and 11% increases were found in the most sensitive clones, C8-3 and C4-2”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
C9-4, the most tolerant clone, displayed the highest proline levels.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Material
- C9-4e4
- Outcome
- proline levelse4
- Direction
- higheste4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Notably, C9-4, identified as the most tolerant clone, displayed the highest proline levels, with increases of 29.5% in leaves and 41.5% in roots”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline levels increased by 29.5% in leaves of C9-4.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Material
- C9-4e4
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Outcome
- proline levelse4
- Direction
- increasese4
- Value
- 29.5%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Notably, C9-4, identified as the most tolerant clone, displayed the highest proline levels, with increases of 29.5% in leaves and 41.5% in roots”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline levels increased by 41.5% in roots of C9-4.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Material
- C9-4e4
- Organ / stage
- rootse4
- Outcome
- proline levelse4
- Direction
- increasese4
- Value
- 41.5%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Notably, C9-4, identified as the most tolerant clone, displayed the highest proline levels, with increases of 29.5% in leaves and 41.5% in roots”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline levels increased minimally, by 6%, in leaves of C8-3.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Material
- C8-3e5
- Organ / stage
- leavese5
- Outcome
- proline levelse4
- Direction
- minimal increasese5
- Value
- 6%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Notably, C9-4, identified as the most tolerant clone, displayed the highest proline levels, with increases of 29.5% in leaves and 41.5% in roots”
e5“in contrast to C8-3, which showed minimal increases of 6% and 11% in leaves and roots, respectively”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline levels increased minimally, by 11%, in roots of C8-3.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Material
- C8-3e5
- Organ / stage
- rootse5
- Outcome
- proline levelse4
- Direction
- minimal increasese5
- Value
- 11%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Notably, C9-4, identified as the most tolerant clone, displayed the highest proline levels, with increases of 29.5% in leaves and 41.5% in roots”
e5“in contrast to C8-3, which showed minimal increases of 6% and 11% in leaves and roots, respectively”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative water content declined by just 6% in C9-4 under water deficit.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“RWC declined by just 6% in C9-4, whereas it dropped by 88% in C8-3”
e7“Clones with higher compatible solutes maintained higher relative water content (RWC), lower osmotic potential and smaller reductions in leaf water potential”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative water content dropped by 88% in C8-3.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“RWC declined by just 6% in C9-4, whereas it dropped by 88% in C8-3”
e7“Clones with higher compatible solutes maintained higher relative water content (RWC), lower osmotic potential and smaller reductions in leaf water potential”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Osmotic potential of C9-4 leaves was - 1.61 MPa.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Material
- C9-4e2
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Outcome
- Osmotic potentialse2
- Value
- - 1.61 MPae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Osmotic potentials in C9-4 were - 1.61 MPa in leaves and - 0.271 MPa in roots, while in C8-3, they were - 0.93 MPa and - 0.11 MPa in leaves and roots, respectively”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Osmotic potential of C9-4 roots was - 0.271 MPa.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Material
- C9-4e2
- Organ / stage
- rootse2
- Outcome
- Osmotic potentialse2
- Value
- - 0.271 MPae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Osmotic potentials in C9-4 were - 1.61 MPa in leaves and - 0.271 MPa in roots, while in C8-3, they were - 0.93 MPa and - 0.11 MPa in leaves and roots, respectively”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Osmotic potential of C8-3 leaves was - 0.93 MPa.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Material
- C8-3e2
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Outcome
- Osmotic potentialse2
- Value
- - 0.93 MPae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Osmotic potentials in C9-4 were - 1.61 MPa in leaves and - 0.271 MPa in roots, while in C8-3, they were - 0.93 MPa and - 0.11 MPa in leaves and roots, respectively”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Osmotic potential of C8-3 roots was - 0.11 MPa.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Material
- C8-3e2
- Organ / stage
- rootse2
- Outcome
- Osmotic potentialse2
- Value
- - 0.11 MPae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Osmotic potentials in C9-4 were - 1.61 MPa in leaves and - 0.271 MPa in roots, while in C8-3, they were - 0.93 MPa and - 0.11 MPa in leaves and roots, respectively”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Clones with higher compatible solutes maintained higher RWC, lower osmotic potential and smaller reductions in leaf water potential.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Compound
- compatible solutese7
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC)e7
- Direction
- highere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Clones with higher compatible solutes maintained higher relative water content (RWC), lower osmotic potential and smaller reductions in leaf water potential”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
C8-3 had poor recovery ability after water withholding.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Material
- C8-3e2
- Outcome
- recovery abilitye2
- Qualifier
- poore2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“indicated that C8-3 had poor recovery ability”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Heatmap and PCA analyses categorised the clones into three groups.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Outcome
- categorized the clones into three groupse2
- Value
- three groupse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Heatmap and PCA analyses categorized the clones into three groups”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
Claim · model-written summary
Osmotic adjustment is a more critical trait than growth and stomatal parameters in differentiating tolerant from sensitive clones.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Compound
- osmotic adjustmente2
- Outcome
- differentiating tolerant clones from sensitive onese2
- Direction
- more criticale2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“osmotic adjustment as a more critical trait compared to growth and stomatal parameters in effectively differentiating tolerant clones from sensitive ones”
t0“Revealing drought tolerance strategies in pistachio clonal hybrids: role of osmotic adjustment”
The same questions in other papers
drought · growth · Pistacia vera (pistachio)Results agree
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