Abstract
Calotropis procera , also known as "毒竹 du zhu" in Chainese, is used in several remedies to treat a variety of ailments, including inflammatory diseases, skin concerns, pain disorders, and respiratory issues. It has been observed that the various parts of the plant have been traditionally used for as anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions. The flower of this herb has not been investigated for these pharmacological properties. The aim of this research is to investigate the neuropharmacological profile and ameliorative potential of ethanolic extract of C. procera flower (EECP) in chronic constriction injury (CCI) induced neuropathic pain in rats. GCMS analysis was performed to identify the active phytocmpounds of the plant. Neuropharmacological profile has been investigated by maximal electroshock seizure and pentylenetetrazole for antiepileptic, elevated maze plus and open field test for anxiety, tail suspension and forced swim test for depressant activity, and acetylcholinesterase and Morris water maze test for cognition. Anti-neuropathic pain was assessed via heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia tests in rats after inducing CCI. Pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) were determined by ELISA kits. SOD and nitrile level were measured for antioxidant activity. Sciatic nerve’s histopathological changes for nerve deformity were evaluated by H &E staining. GCMS analysis revealed the presence of phytocompounds Lupeool, acetate, n-hexadecanoic acid, γ-sitosterol, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, β-Amyrin, phytol and other compounds. In neuropharmacological profile, EECP had a significant anticonvulsant effect, a decrease in locomotor activity, indicating a sedative effect but showed no anxiolytic effect. The immobility time decreased significantly in both the forced swim test and tail suspension test. The activity of acetylcholinesterase in the brain was decreased and Morris water test results revealed a shorter escape latency and greater time spent in the target quadrant. In anti-neuropathic pain assessment, the EECP reduced CCI-induced hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were reduced while SOD levels increased and nitrite levels decreased in the sciatic nerve. Histological analysis revealed sciatic nerve deformity was reduced. It is concluded that extract showed a potent antiepileptic, antidepressant, cognition enhancer and protective against nerve deformity and neuropathic pain. Phytocompounds identified via GCMS having neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, which may be correlated with the neuropharmacological and analgesic activities of the extract.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
GCMS identified Lupeool, acetate, n-hexadecanoic acid, and γ-sitosterol in the flower extract.
- Taxon
- Calotropis procera
.jpg?width=60)
Calotropis procerat0 - Organ / stage
- flowert0
- Outcome
- Lupeool, acetate, n-hexadecanoic acid, γ-sitosterole0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“GCMS analysis revealed the presence of phytocompounds Lupeool, acetate, n-hexadecanoic acid, γ-sitosterol, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, β-Amyrin, phytol and other compounds.”
t0“Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand flower”
Claim · model-written summary
GCMS identified hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester in the flower extract.
- Taxon
- Calotropis proceraCalotropis procerat0
- Organ / stage
- flowert0
- Outcome
- hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl estere0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, β-Amyrin, phytol and other compounds”
t0“Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand flower”
Claim · model-written summary
GCMS identified β-Amyrin, phytol, and other compounds in the flower extract.
- Taxon
- Calotropis proceraCalotropis procerat0
- Organ / stage
- flowert0
- Outcome
- β-Amyrin, phytol and other compoundse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“β-Amyrin, phytol and other compounds”
t0“Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand flower”
Claim · model-written summary
EECP showed a significant anticonvulsant effect in rats.
RattusNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EECP had a significant anticonvulsant effect”
e1“neuropathic pain in rats”
Claim · model-written summary
EECP decreased locomotor activity, interpreted as sedation.
- Treatment
- EECPe0
- Outcome
- locomotor activitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- indicating a sedative effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EECP had a significant anticonvulsant effect, a decrease in locomotor activity, indicating a sedative effect but showed no anxiolytic effect.”
e1“neuropathic pain in rats”
Claim · model-written summary
EECP showed no anxiolytic effect.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EECP had a significant anticonvulsant effect, a decrease in locomotor activity, indicating a sedative effect but showed no anxiolytic effect.”
e1“neuropathic pain in rats”
Claim · model-written summary
EECP significantly decreased immobility time in forced swim and tail suspension tests.
- Treatment
- EECPe1
- Outcome
- immobility timee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- both the forced swim test and tail suspension teste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The immobility time decreased significantly in both the forced swim test and tail suspension test.”
e1“EECP had a significant anticonvulsant effect”
e2“neuropathic pain in rats”
Claim · model-written summary
EECP decreased brain acetylcholinesterase activity.
- Organ / stage
- braine0
- Treatment
- EECPe1
- Gene
- acetylcholinesterasee0
- Outcome
- activity of acetylcholinesterasee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activity of acetylcholinesterase in the brain was decreased”
e1“EECP had a significant anticonvulsant effect”
e2“neuropathic pain in rats”
Claim · model-written summary
EECP shortened escape latency in the Morris water test.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Morris water test results revealed a shorter escape latency and greater time spent in the target quadrant”
e1“EECP had a significant anticonvulsant effect”
e2“neuropathic pain in rats”
Claim · model-written summary
EECP increased time spent in the target quadrant in the Morris water test.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Morris water test results revealed a shorter escape latency and greater time spent in the target quadrant”
e1“EECP had a significant anticonvulsant effect”
e2“neuropathic pain in rats”
Claim · model-written summary
EECP reduced CCI-induced hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the EECP reduced CCI-induced hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia”
e1“neuropathic pain in rats”
Claim · model-written summary
EECP reduced sciatic nerve TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were reduced while SOD levels increased and nitrite levels decreased in the sciatic nerve.”
e1“the EECP reduced CCI-induced hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia”
e2“neuropathic pain in rats”
Claim · model-written summary
EECP increased sciatic nerve SOD levels.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOD levels increased and nitrite levels decreased in the sciatic nerve”
e1“the EECP reduced CCI-induced hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia”
e2“neuropathic pain in rats”
Claim · model-written summary
EECP decreased sciatic nerve nitrite levels.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOD levels increased and nitrite levels decreased in the sciatic nerve”
e1“the EECP reduced CCI-induced hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia”
e2“neuropathic pain in rats”
Claim · model-written summary
EECP reduced sciatic nerve deformity on histological analysis.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Histological analysis revealed sciatic nerve deformity was reduced.”
e1“the EECP reduced CCI-induced hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia”
e2“neuropathic pain in rats”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that the identified phytocompounds may account for the extract's neuropharmacological and analgesic activities through neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Outcome
- neuropharmacological and analgesic activitiese0
- Qualifier
- neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory propertiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytocompounds identified via GCMS having neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, which may be correlated with the neuropharmacological and analgesic activities of the extract.”
e1“neuropathic pain in rats”