Abstract
Introduction Kiwifruit is susceptible to ripening and senescence during postharvest storage, leading to fruit softening, rotting, and nutrient loss, affecting commercial and economic values. Hormones delay senescence by regulating fruit physiology and metabolism, but their specific effects and mechanisms must be further investigated. Methods To extend the postharvest storage duration of kiwifruit, we conducted a study using 'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit as our test material. The fruits were treated with varying concentrations of Brassinolide (BRs), melatonin (MT), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA), respectively. Subsequently, on the basis of a one-way test, an orthogonal experiment was designed with fruit hardness as an indicator (7 days of storage at room temperature) to obtain the optimal process formulation for phytohormone synergistic treatment (PEHC): 10 μmol·L -1 for BRs, 200 μmol·L -1 for MT, 300 μmol·L -1 for MeJA, and 2 mmol·L -1 for SA. Results The results showed that after 60 days of storage at 4°C, PEHC was found to increase the good fruit rate and the hardness of kiwifruit by 5.97% and 67.42%, respectively, compared to the control. PEHC reduced weight loss rate and disease index, slowed the decrease in titratable acid content (TAC) and vitamin C (VC) content, maintained color, and delayed the accumulation of SSC. At 80 days of storage, the hardness, good fruit rate, VC content, and TAC of PEHC increased by 68.38%, 28.87%, 32.76 mg·100 g -1 , and 20.00%, respectively, compared to the control. Whereas, the difference in SSC of PEHC compared to control was nosignificant. The PEHC reduced the content of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC). Transcriptomics revealed that PEHC inhibited the gene expression levels of Acc08469 in s-adenosylmethionine synthetase (MetK), as well as Acc20538, Acc24995 , and Acc17490 in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase. Using metabolomics, PEHC increased the relative contents of acids and amino acids and decreased the relative contents of aroma, pigments or phenolics, and soluble sugars compared with the control, of which the trends of changes in acids and soluble sugars were consistently associated with the changes in fruit quality. Discussion The PEHC had a favorable effect on maintaining kiwifruit quality and delayed the decline in postharvest storage quality.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
After 60 days at 4°C, PEHC increased the good fruit rate of kiwifruit by 5.97% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosae1 - Treatment
- PEHCe1
- Outcome
- good fruit ratee1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 5.97%e1
- Qualifier
- after 60 days of storage at 4°Ce1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“after 60 days of storage at 4°C, PEHC was found to increase the good fruit rate and the hardness of kiwifruit by 5.97% and 67.42%, respectively, compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
After 60 days at 4°C, PEHC increased kiwifruit hardness by 67.42% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae1
- Treatment
- PEHCe1
- Outcome
- hardnesse1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 67.42%e1
- Qualifier
- after 60 days of storage at 4°Ce1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“after 60 days of storage at 4°C, PEHC was found to increase the good fruit rate and the hardness of kiwifruit by 5.97% and 67.42%, respectively, compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
PEHC reduced weight loss rate and disease index of kiwifruit.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- PEHCe1
- Outcome
- weight loss rate and disease indexe1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit”
e1“PEHC reduced weight loss rate and disease index”
Claim · model-written summary
PEHC slowed the decrease in titratable acid content and vitamin C content of kiwifruit.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- PEHCe1
- Outcome
- titratable acid content (TAC) and vitamin C (VC) contente1
- Direction
- slowed the decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit”
e1“PEHC reduced weight loss rate and disease index, slowed the decrease in titratable acid content (TAC) and vitamin C (VC) content”
Claim · model-written summary
PEHC maintained kiwifruit color.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- PEHCe1
- Outcome
- colore1
- Direction
- maintainede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit”
e1“PEHC reduced weight loss rate and disease index, slowed the decrease in titratable acid content (TAC) and vitamin C (VC) content, maintained color”
Claim · model-written summary
PEHC delayed the accumulation of soluble solids content (SSC) in kiwifruit.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- PEHCe1
- Outcome
- SSCe1
- Direction
- delayed the accumulatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit”
e1“PEHC reduced weight loss rate and disease index, slowed the decrease in titratable acid content (TAC) and vitamin C (VC) content, maintained color, and delayed the accumulation of SSC”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80 days of storage, PEHC increased kiwifruit hardness by 68.38% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- PEHCe1
- Outcome
- hardnesse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 68.38%e1
- Qualifier
- At 80 days of storagee1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit”
e1“At 80 days of storage, the hardness, good fruit rate, VC content, and TAC of PEHC increased by 68.38%, 28.87%, 32.76 mg·100 g -1 , and 20.00%, respectively, compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80 days of storage, PEHC increased the good fruit rate of kiwifruit by 28.87% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- PEHCe1
- Outcome
- good fruit ratee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 28.87%e1
- Qualifier
- At 80 days of storagee1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit”
e1“At 80 days of storage, the hardness, good fruit rate, VC content, and TAC of PEHC increased by 68.38%, 28.87%, 32.76 mg·100 g -1 , and 20.00%, respectively, compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80 days of storage, PEHC increased the VC content of kiwifruit by 32.76 mg per 100 g compared with the control.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- PEHCe1
- Outcome
- VC contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 32.76 mg·100 g -1e1
- Qualifier
- At 80 days of storagee1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit”
e1“At 80 days of storage, the hardness, good fruit rate, VC content, and TAC of PEHC increased by 68.38%, 28.87%, 32.76 mg·100 g -1 , and 20.00%, respectively, compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80 days of storage, PEHC increased the titratable acid content (TAC) of kiwifruit by 20.00% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- PEHCe1
- Outcome
- TACe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 20.00%e1
- Qualifier
- At 80 days of storagee1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit”
e1“At 80 days of storage, the hardness, good fruit rate, VC content, and TAC of PEHC increased by 68.38%, 28.87%, 32.76 mg·100 g -1 , and 20.00%, respectively, compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The difference in SSC between PEHC-treated kiwifruit and the control was not significant.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- PEHCe1
- Outcome
- SSCe1
- Direction
- nosignificante1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit”
e1“the difference in SSC of PEHC compared to control was nosignificant”
Claim · model-written summary
PEHC reduced the content of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) in kiwifruit.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- PEHCe1
- Outcome
- content of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC)e1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit”
e1“The PEHC reduced the content of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptomics showed that PEHC inhibited expression of Acc08469, in s-adenosylmethionine synthetase (MetK).
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- PEHCe1
- Gene
- Acc08469 in s-adenosylmethionine synthetase (MetK)e1
- Outcome
- gene expression levelse1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit”
e1“PEHC inhibited the gene expression levels of Acc08469 in s-adenosylmethionine synthetase (MetK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptomics showed that PEHC inhibited expression of Acc20538, Acc24995 and Acc17490, in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- PEHCe1
- Gene
- Acc20538, Acc24995 , and Acc17490 in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidasee1
- Outcome
- gene expression levelse1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit”
e1“PEHC inhibited the gene expression levels of Acc08469 in s-adenosylmethionine synthetase (MetK), as well as Acc20538, Acc24995 , and Acc17490 in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolomics showed that PEHC increased the relative contents of acids and amino acids in kiwifruit.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- PEHCe1
- Outcome
- relative contents of acids and amino acidse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit”
e1“PEHC increased the relative contents of acids and amino acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolomics showed that PEHC decreased the relative contents of aroma, pigments or phenolics, and soluble sugars compared with the control.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- PEHCe1
- Outcome
- relative contents of aroma, pigments or phenolics, and soluble sugarse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit”
e1“PEHC increased the relative contents of acids and amino acids and decreased the relative contents of aroma, pigments or phenolics, and soluble sugars compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Changes in acids and soluble sugars were consistently associated with changes in kiwifruit quality.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Compound
- acids and soluble sugarse1
- Outcome
- fruit qualitye1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit”
e1“the trends of changes in acids and soluble sugars were consistently associated with the changes in fruit quality”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal phytohormone synergistic treatment formulation (PEHC) for kiwifruit is 10 μmol·L -1 BRs, 200 μmol·L -1 MT, 300 μmol·L -1 MeJA and 2 mmol·L -1 SA.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Outcome
- optimal process formulation for phytohormone synergistic treatment (PEHC)e1
- Qualifier
- 10 μmol·L -1 for BRs, 200 μmol·L -1 for MT, 300 μmol·L -1 for MeJA, and 2 mmol·L -1 for SAe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit”
e1“optimal process formulation for phytohormone synergistic treatment (PEHC): 10 μmol·L -1 for BRs, 200 μmol·L -1 for MT, 300 μmol·L -1 for MeJA, and 2 mmol·L -1 for SA”
Claim · model-written summary
PEHC had a favorable effect on maintaining kiwifruit quality and delayed the decline in postharvest storage quality.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- PEHCe1
- Outcome
- kiwifruit qualitye1
- Direction
- favorable effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“'Yan Nong 3' kiwifruit”
e1“The PEHC had a favorable effect on maintaining kiwifruit quality and delayed the decline in postharvest storage quality”
The same questions in other papers
class · quality: postharvest · Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
class · quality: general · Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
class · molecular: expression · Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.