Abstract
Germination is a biotechnological process that activates enzymatic reactions and alters the chemical content of grain, improving its nutritional and functional value. However, the duration of the germination process significantly affects grain composition and properties. Prolonged and uncontrolled germination can lead to undesirable changes, such as excessive enzymatic activity, microbial contamination of sprouted grains, and loss of dry matter. While short-term germination is preferable for producing various food products, including whole-grain porridge, this article analyzed the impact of short-term germination of triticale grain (for 18, 20, 22, and 24 h) on its biochemical indicators and functional-technological properties. This research established that changes in biochemical values accompany the germination of triticale grain. The most significant increase in protein content was observed after 20 h of germination (GT 20), which increased by 4.43%. In contrast, after 24 h (GT 24), a decrease of 3.27% was noted compared to the original content in the whole grain (WGT). The contents of fats, carbohydrates, and ash tended to decrease. Germination promoted an increase in the amount of essential amino acids and improved the amino acid profile, particularly during the 20 and 22 h germination intervals. At 24 h of germination, the highest increase in total phenolic compounds (28.6%) and antioxidant activity (20.8%) was recorded. B-group vitamins, thiamine, and riboflavin, were detected in the sprouts only after 22 and 24 h of germination. The highest thiamine content (0.17 mg/kg) was observed at the 22nd hour, and the highest riboflavin content (2.51 mg/kg) was observed at the 24th hour. Niacin content showed a steady increase throughout the germination period. The maximum magnesium (0.200%) and molybdenum (0.589%) contents were recorded after 24 h of germination, while the calcium content increased at all germination intervals. The functional and technological properties of sprouted triticale grain improved, while the pasting (gelatinization) properties tended to decrease. Thus, it has been established that short-term germination enhances the biochemical indicators and functional-technological properties of triticale grains, indicating their potential for use in the production of whole-grain porridge.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Protein content rose by 4.43% after 20 h of germination.
- Taxon
- triticale grain
×Triticosecalet0 - Treatment
- 20 h of germinatione0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 4.43%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most significant increase in protein content was observed after 20 h of germination (GT 20), which increased by 4.43%.”
t0“Triticale Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein content decreased by 3.27% after 24 h relative to whole grain.
- Taxon
- triticale grain×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- 24 he0
- Outcome
- original contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 3.27%e0
- Comparator
- whole grain (WGT)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after 24 h (GT 24), a decrease of 3.27% was noted compared to the original content in the whole grain (WGT)”
t0“Triticale Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Fat, carbohydrate and ash content tended to decrease during germination.
- Taxon
- triticale grain×Triticosecalet0
- Outcome
- contents of fats, carbohydrates, and ashe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The contents of fats, carbohydrates, and ash tended to decrease.”
t0“Triticale Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination increased essential amino acids and improved the amino acid profile, particularly at 20 and 22 h.
- Taxon
- triticale grain×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- Germinatione0
- Outcome
- amount of essential amino acids and improved the amino acid profilee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- 20 and 22 h germination intervalse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination promoted an increase in the amount of essential amino acids and improved the amino acid profile, particularly during the 20 and 22 h germination intervals.”
t0“Triticale Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenolic compounds increased 28.6% at 24 h.
- Taxon
- triticale grain×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- 24 h of germinatione0
- Outcome
- total phenolic compoundse0
- Direction
- highest increasee0
- Value
- 28.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 24 h of germination, the highest increase in total phenolic compounds (28.6%) and antioxidant activity (20.8%) was recorded.”
t0“Triticale Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity increased 20.8% at 24 h.
- Taxon
- triticale grain×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- 24 h of germinatione0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- highest increasee0
- Value
- 20.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 24 h of germination, the highest increase in total phenolic compounds (28.6%) and antioxidant activity (20.8%) was recorded.”
t0“Triticale Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiamine and riboflavin were detected in sprouts only at 22 and 24 h.
- Taxon
- triticale grain×Triticosecalet0
- Organ / stage
- sproutse0
- Outcome
- thiamine, and riboflavin, were detectede0
- Qualifier
- 22 and 24 h of germinatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B-group vitamins, thiamine, and riboflavin, were detected in the sprouts only after 22 and 24 h of germination.”
t0“Triticale Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiamine peaked at 0.17 mg/kg at 22 h.
- Taxon
- triticale grain×Triticosecalet0
- Outcome
- thiamine contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.17 mg/kge0
- Qualifier
- 22nd houre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest thiamine content (0.17 mg/kg) was observed at the 22nd hour”
t0“Triticale Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Riboflavin peaked at 2.51 mg/kg at 24 h.
- Taxon
- triticale grain×Triticosecalet0
- Outcome
- riboflavin contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.51 mg/kge0
- Qualifier
- 24th houre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest riboflavin content (2.51 mg/kg) was observed at the 24th hour”
t0“Triticale Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Niacin content rose steadily through germination.
- Taxon
- triticale grain×Triticosecalet0
- Outcome
- Niacin contente0
- Direction
- steady increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Niacin content showed a steady increase throughout the germination period.”
t0“Triticale Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium content reached a maximum of 0.200% after 24 h.
- Taxon
- triticale grain×Triticosecalet0
- Outcome
- magnesiume0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 0.200%e0
- Qualifier
- 24 h of germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum magnesium (0.200%) and molybdenum (0.589%) contents were recorded after 24 h of germination”
t0“Triticale Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Molybdenum content reached a maximum of 0.589% after 24 h.
- Taxon
- triticale grain×Triticosecalet0
- Outcome
- molybdenume0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 0.589%e0
- Qualifier
- 24 h of germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum magnesium (0.200%) and molybdenum (0.589%) contents were recorded after 24 h of germination”
t0“Triticale Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium content increased at every germination interval.
- Taxon
- triticale grain×Triticosecalet0
- Outcome
- calcium contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the calcium content increased at all germination intervals.”
t0“Triticale Grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Functional and technological properties improved in sprouted grain.
- Taxon
- triticale grain×Triticosecalee0
- Outcome
- functional and technological propertiese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The functional and technological properties of sprouted triticale grain improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Pasting properties tended to decrease in sprouted grain.
- Taxon
- triticale grain×Triticosecalet0
- Outcome
- pasting (gelatinization) propertiese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pasting (gelatinization) properties tended to decrease.”
t0“Triticale Grain”
The same questions in other papers
processing · quality: phytochemicals · x Triticosecale (triticale)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
processing · quality: protein · x Triticosecale (triticale)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
processing · molecular: metabolites · x Triticosecale (triticale)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.