Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL) wilt endangers Egyptian tomato productivity. Nanotechnology has emerged as an efficient tool for managing plant diseases. This study evaluated salicylic acid nanoparticles (SA-NPs) and glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt nanoparticles (GAS-NPs) against F. oxysporum in vitro. SA-NPs reduced F. oxysporum growth by 37.8%, and GAS-NPs by 18.9% at 3 ml/L, while SA-NPs at high doses significantly reduced the bacterial count in the tomato rhizosphere. Under greenhouse conditions, high doses of SA-NPs suppressed disease by 73%, compared to 87-93% for other treatments, coinciding with a significant decrease in the overall bacterial count in the tomato rhizosphere. A high dose of SA-NPs reduced heterotrophic, copiotrophic, and fluorescent pseudomonads in the tomato rhizosphere but did not affect the total number of fungi. In vitro, a high dose of both nanoparticles did not significantly reduce bacterial growth in four tested strains: Leclercia adecarboxylata, Pseudomonas putida, Enterobacter ludwigii, and Bacillus marcorestinctum. This suggests that while SA-NP doesn't directly affect bacterial growth, it may interact with tomato roots, indirectly affecting the rhizosphere bacterial population. All treatments increased the expression of ethylene-responsive transcription factor 3 (RAP), xyloglucan endotransglucosylase 2 (XET-2), catalytic hydrolase-2 (ACS-2), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 5 (PAL5), lipoxygenase D (LOXD), proteinase inhibitor II (PINII), and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1). The highest gene expression levels were obtained from 1 ml/L GAS-NPs and SA-NPs field applications. Furthermore, SA-NPs at 1 ml/L were the most efficient in controlling tomato Fusarium wilt, followed by GAS-NPs. This study investigates the possibility of nanotechnology-based techniques for decreasing Fusarium wilt in tomatoes. However, because of the deleterious impact on the soil bacterial community, high dosages of NPs, particularly SA-NPs, should be applied with caution. Future research should focus on optimizing NPs doses to maintain a balance between efficient disease control and the maintenance of the beneficial complexity of soil microbial biodiversity.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
SA-NPs reduced F. oxysporum growth in vitro by 37.8% at 3 ml/L.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- SA-NPse0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Outcome
- F. oxysporum growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 37.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“SA-NPs reduced F. oxysporum growth by 37.8%, and GAS-NPs by 18.9% at 3 ml/L”
e1“tomato productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
GAS-NPs reduced F. oxysporum growth in vitro by 18.9% at 3 ml/L.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- GAS-NPse0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Outcome
- F. oxysporum growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 18.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA-NPs reduced F. oxysporum growth by 37.8%, and GAS-NPs by 18.9% at 3 ml/L”
e1“tomato productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
High SA-NP doses significantly lowered tomato rhizosphere bacterial count.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- SA-NPs at high dosese0
- Outcome
- bacterial count in the tomato rhizospheree0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA-NPs at high doses significantly reduced the bacterial count in the tomato rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
High SA-NP doses suppressed greenhouse Fusarium wilt by 73%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- high doses of SA-NPse0
- Outcome
- tomato Fusarium wilte1
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 73%e0
- Qualifier
- 87-93%e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under greenhouse conditions, high doses of SA-NPs suppressed disease by 73%, compared to 87-93% for other treatments”
e1“tomato Fusarium wilt”
Claim · model-written summary
Other treatments suppressed greenhouse disease by 87-93%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- other treatmentse0
- Outcome
- tomato Fusarium wilte1
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 87-93%e0
- Comparator
- high doses of SA-NPse0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under greenhouse conditions, high doses of SA-NPs suppressed disease by 73%, compared to 87-93% for other treatments”
e1“tomato Fusarium wilt”
Claim · model-written summary
High SA-NP dose reduced heterotrophic, copiotrophic, and fluorescent pseudomonad groups in tomato rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- high dose of SA-NPse0
- Outcome
- heterotrophic, copiotrophic, and fluorescent pseudomonads in the tomato rhizospheree0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A high dose of SA-NPs reduced heterotrophic, copiotrophic, and fluorescent pseudomonads in the tomato rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
High SA-NP dose did not affect total rhizosphere fungi.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- high dose of SA-NPse0
- Outcome
- total number of fungie0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A high dose of SA-NPs reduced heterotrophic, copiotrophic, and fluorescent pseudomonads in the tomato rhizosphere but did not affect the total number of fungi”
e1“A high dose of SA-NPs reduced heterotrophic, copiotrophic, and fluorescent pseudomonads in the tomato rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
High doses of both nanoparticles did not significantly reduce growth of four tested bacterial strains in vitro.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- high dose of both nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- bacterial growth in four tested strainse0
- Direction
- did not significantly reducee0
- Qualifier
- Leclercia adecarboxylata, Pseudomonas putida, Enterobacter ludwigii, and Bacillus marcorestinctume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a high dose of both nanoparticles did not significantly reduce bacterial growth in four tested strains: Leclercia adecarboxylata, Pseudomonas putida, Enterobacter ludwigii, and Bacillus marcorestinctum”
e1“A high dose of SA-NPs reduced heterotrophic, copiotrophic, and fluorescent pseudomonads in the tomato rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments increased expression of seven defense-related genes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- All treatmentse0
- Gene
- ethylene-responsive transcription factor 3 (RAP), xyloglucan endotransglucosylase 2 (XET-2), catalytic hydrolase-2 (ACS-2), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 5 (PAL5), lipoxygenase D (LOXD), proteinase inhibitor II (PINII), and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1)e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All treatments increased the expression of ethylene-responsive transcription factor 3 (RAP), xyloglucan endotransglucosylase 2 (XET-2), catalytic hydrolase-2 (ACS-2), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 5 (PAL5), lipoxygenase D (LOXD), proteinase inhibitor II (PINII), and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1)”
e1“tomato Fusarium wilt”
Claim · model-written summary
Field applications of 1 ml/L GAS-NPs and SA-NPs yielded the highest gene expression.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 1 ml/L GAS-NPs and SA-NPs field applicationse0
- Outcome
- gene expression levelse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest gene expression levels were obtained from 1 ml/L GAS-NPs and SA-NPs field applications”
e1“tomato Fusarium wilt”
Claim · model-written summary
SA-NPs at 1 ml/L were most effective for controlling tomato Fusarium wilt.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- SA-NPs at 1 ml/Le0
- Outcome
- tomato Fusarium wilte0
- Direction
- most efficiente0
- Comparator
- GAS-NPse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA-NPs at 1 ml/L were the most efficient in controlling tomato Fusarium wilt, followed by GAS-NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
GAS-NPs ranked second for tomato Fusarium wilt control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- GAS-NPse0
- Outcome
- tomato Fusarium wilte0
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Comparator
- SA-NPs at 1 ml/Le0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA-NPs at 1 ml/L were the most efficient in controlling tomato Fusarium wilt, followed by GAS-NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
High nanoparticle doses, especially SA-NPs, should be used cautiously because of effects on soil bacteria.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- high dosages of NPs, particularly SA-NPs, should be applied with cautione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“because of the deleterious impact on the soil bacterial community, high dosages of NPs, particularly SA-NPs, should be applied with caution”
e1“A high dose of SA-NPs reduced heterotrophic, copiotrophic, and fluorescent pseudomonads in the tomato rhizosphere”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.