Abstract
Abstract In the last decade contradictory results have been published as to whether exogenous salicylic acid (SA) can increase salt stress tolerance in cultivated plants by inducing an antioxidant response. Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10 −4 M), low concentrations were ineffective. An efficient accumulation of Na + in older leaves is a well-known response to salt stress in tomato plants ( Solanum lycopersicum cv. Rio fuego) but it remains largely unexplored whether young and old leaves or root tissues have a distinct antioxidant status during salt stress after hardening with 10 −7 M or 10 −4 M SA. The determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity revealed that the SA-induced transient increases in these enzyme activities in young leaf and/or root tissues did not correlate with the salt tolerance of plants. Salt stress resulted in a tenfold increase in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities of young leaves and significant increases in APX and glutathione reductase (GR) activities of the roots hardened with 10 −4 M SA. Both total ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione pools reached their highest levels in leaves after 10 −7 M SA pre-treatment. However, in contrast to the leaves, the total pool of AsA decreased in the roots under salt stress and thus, due to low APX activity, active oxygen species were scavenged by ascorbate non-enzymatically in these tissues. The increased GR activities in the roots after treatment with 10 −4 M SA enabled plants to enhance the reduced glutathione (GSH) pool and maintain the redox status of AsA under high salinity, which led to increased salt tolerance.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
High salicylic acid hardening mitigated tomato salt injury.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- high concentration of SA (~10 −4 M)e0
- Outcome
- Salt stress injurye0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10 −4 M)”
Claim · model-written summary
Low salicylic acid concentrations were ineffective against tomato salt injury.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- low concentrationse0
- Outcome
- Salt stress injurye1
- Direction
- ineffectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low concentrations were ineffective”
e1“Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10 −4 M), low concentrations were ineffective.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid transiently increased SOD and CAT activities in young leaf and/or root tissues.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- young leaf and/or root tissuese0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- these enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the SA-induced transient increases in these enzyme activities in young leaf and/or root tissues”
e1“Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10 −4 M), low concentrations were ineffective.”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient SOD and CAT activity increases did not correlate with salt tolerance.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the SA-induced transient increases in these enzyme activities in young leaf and/or root tissues did not correlate with the salt tolerance of plants”
e1“Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10 −4 M), low concentrations were ineffective.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress caused a tenfold increase in APX activity in young leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- young leavese0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- tenfolde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress resulted in a tenfold increase in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities of young leaves”
e1“Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10 −4 M), low concentrations were ineffective.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly increased APX activity in roots hardened with 10 −4 M SA.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- 10 −4 M SAe0
- Outcome
- APXe0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant increases in APX and glutathione reductase (GR) activities of the roots hardened with 10 −4 M SA”
e1“Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10 −4 M), low concentrations were ineffective.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly increased GR activity in roots hardened with 10 −4 M SA.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- 10 −4 M SAe0
- Outcome
- glutathione reductase (GR) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant increases in APX and glutathione reductase (GR) activities of the roots hardened with 10 −4 M SA”
e1“Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10 −4 M), low concentrations were ineffective.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf ascorbate and glutathione pools reached their highest levels after 10 −7 M SA pretreatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- 10 −7 M SA pre-treatmente0
- Outcome
- total ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione poolse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both total ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione pools reached their highest levels in leaves after 10 −7 M SA pre-treatment.”
e1“Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10 −4 M), low concentrations were ineffective.”
Claim · model-written summary
Root ascorbate pools decreased under salt stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- total pool of AsAe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total pool of AsA decreased in the roots under salt stress”
e1“Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10 −4 M), low concentrations were ineffective.”
Claim · model-written summary
Active oxygen species in roots were scavenged non-enzymatically by ascorbate due to low APX activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Gene
- APXe0
- Outcome
- active oxygen species were scavenged by ascorbate non-enzymaticallye0
- Qualifier
- low APX activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“due to low APX activity, active oxygen species were scavenged by ascorbate non-enzymatically in these tissues”
e1“Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10 −4 M), low concentrations were ineffective.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased root GR after 10 −4 M SA treatment enhanced reduced glutathione pools.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 10 −4 M SAe0
- Gene
- GRe0
- Outcome
- reduced glutathione (GSH) poole0
- Direction
- enhancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increased GR activities in the roots after treatment with 10 −4 M SA enabled plants to enhance the reduced glutathione (GSH) pool”
e1“Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10 −4 M), low concentrations were ineffective.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased root GR after 10 −4 M SA treatment maintained ascorbate redox status.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- 10 −4 M SAe0
- Gene
- GRe0
- Outcome
- redox status of AsAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increased GR activities in the roots after treatment with 10 −4 M SA enabled plants to enhance the reduced glutathione (GSH) pool and maintain the redox status of AsA under high salinity”
e1“Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10 −4 M), low concentrations were ineffective.”
Claim · model-written summary
The enhanced glutathione pool and ascorbate redox maintenance increased salt tolerance.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- redox status of AsAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maintain the redox status of AsA under high salinity, which led to increased salt tolerance”
e1“Salt stress injury in tomato was mitigated only in cases when the plant was hardened with a high concentration of SA (~10 −4 M), low concentrations were ineffective.”
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