Abstract
In agriculture, loss of crop yield to pathogen damage seriously threatens efforts to achieve global food security. In the present work, “organic” elemental sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) were investigated for management of the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on tomatoes. Foliar application and seed treatment with SNPs (30–100 mg/L, 30 and 100 nm) suppressed pathogen infection in tomatoes, in a concentration- and size-dependent fashion in a greenhouse experiment. Foliar application with 1 mg/plant of 30 nm SNPs (30-SNPs) exhibited the best performance for disease suppression, significantly decreasing disease incidence by 47.6% and increasing tomato shoot biomass by 55.6% after 10 weeks application. Importantly, the disease control efficacy with 30-SNPs was 1.43-fold greater than the commercially available fungicide hymexazol. Mechanistically, 30-SNPs activated the salicylic acid-dependent systemic acquired resistance pathway in tomato shoots and roots, with subsequent upregulation of the expression of pathogenesis-related and antioxidase-related genes (upregulated by 11–352%) and enhancement of the activity and content of disease-related biomolecules (enhanced by 5–49%). In addition, transmission electron microscopy imaging shows that SNPs were distributed in the tomato stem and directly inactivated in vivo pathogens. The oxidative stress in tomato shoots and roots, the root plasma membrane damage, and the growth of the pathogen in stem were all significantly decreased by SNPs. The findings highlight the significant potential of SNPs as an eco-friendly and sustainable crop protection strategy.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur nanoparticle foliar and seed treatments suppressed Fusarium infection in tomatoes in a concentration and size dependent manner.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- Foliar application and seed treatment with SNPs (30–100 mg/L, 30 and 100 nm)e0
- Outcome
- pathogen infectione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Setting
- greenhouse experimente0
Not reportedInteractorInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application and seed treatment with SNPs (30–100 mg/L, 30 and 100 nm) suppressed pathogen infection in tomatoes, in a concentration- and size-dependent fashion in a greenhouse experiment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 30 nm SNPs decreased tomato disease incidence by 47.6%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- Foliar application with 1 mg/plant of 30 nm SNPse0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 47.6%e0
- Qualifier
- after 10 weeks applicatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application with 1 mg/plant of 30 nm SNPs (30-SNPs) exhibited the best performance for disease suppression, significantly decreasing disease incidence by 47.6% and increasing tomato shoot biomass by 55.6% after 10 weeks application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 30 nm SNPs increased tomato shoot biomass by 55.6% after 10 weeks.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- Foliar application with 1 mg/plant of 30 nm SNPse0
- Outcome
- tomato shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 55.6%e0
- Qualifier
- after 10 weeks applicatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application with 1 mg/plant of 30 nm SNPs (30-SNPs) exhibited the best performance for disease suppression, significantly decreasing disease incidence by 47.6% and increasing tomato shoot biomass by 55.6% after 10 weeks application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease control with 30-SNPs exceeded hymexazol by 1.43 fold.
- Treatment
- 30-SNPse0
- Outcome
- disease control efficacye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 1.43-folde0
- Comparator
- hymexazole0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the disease control efficacy with 30-SNPs was 1.43-fold greater than the commercially available fungicide hymexazol.”
Claim · model-written summary
30-SNPs activated salicylic acid dependent systemic acquired resistance in tomato shoots and roots.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- shoots and rootse0
- Treatment
- 30-SNPse0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid-dependent systemic acquired resistance pathwaye0
- Direction
- activatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“30-SNPs activated the salicylic acid-dependent systemic acquired resistance pathway in tomato shoots and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
30-SNPs upregulated pathogenesis and antioxidase related genes by 11–352%.
- Outcome
- expression of pathogenesis-related and antioxidase-related genese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- 11–352%e0
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“upregulation of the expression of pathogenesis-related and antioxidase-related genes (upregulated by 11–352%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease related biomolecule activity and content rose by 5–49%.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“enhancement of the activity and content of disease-related biomolecules (enhanced by 5–49%)”
Claim · model-written summary
SNPs were distributed in tomato stems.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Outcome
- SNPs were distributed in the tomato steme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SNPs were distributed in the tomato stem and directly inactivated in vivo pathogens.”
Claim · model-written summary
SNPs directly inactivated pathogens in tomato stems in vivo.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Treatment
- SNPse0
- Outcome
- inactivated in vivo pathogense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SNPs were distributed in the tomato stem and directly inactivated in vivo pathogens.”
Claim · model-written summary
SNPs significantly decreased oxidative stress in tomato shoots and roots.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- shoots and rootse0
- Treatment
- SNPse0
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The oxidative stress in tomato shoots and roots, the root plasma membrane damage, and the growth of the pathogen in stem were all significantly decreased by SNPs.”
Claim · model-written summary
SNPs significantly decreased tomato root plasma membrane damage.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- SNPse0
- Outcome
- root plasma membrane damagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The oxidative stress in tomato shoots and roots, the root plasma membrane damage, and the growth of the pathogen in stem were all significantly decreased by SNPs.”
Claim · model-written summary
SNPs significantly decreased pathogen growth in tomato stems.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Treatment
- SNPse0
- Outcome
- growth of the pathogen in steme0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The oxidative stress in tomato shoots and roots, the root plasma membrane damage, and the growth of the pathogen in stem were all significantly decreased by SNPs.”
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