Abstract
The growth regulator, salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in the induction of cell death in plants. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC), cytochrome c (cyt c) release from mitochondria and loss of mitochondrial integrity can be observed during cell death execution in plant tissues. The aim of this work was to study the putative role of hexokinases (HXKs) in the initiation of cell death using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves and mitochondria isolated from plants exposed to a sublethal, 0.1 mM and a cell death-inducing, 1 mM concentrations of SA. Both treatments enhanced ROS and nitric oxide (NO) production in the leaves, which contributed to a concentration-dependent loss of membrane integrity. Images prepared by transmission electron microscopy showed swelling and disorganisation of mitochondrial cristae and vacuolization of mitochondria after SA exposure. Using post-embedding immunohistochemistry, cyt c release from mitochondria was also detected after 1 mM SA treatment. Both SA treatments decreased the activity and transcript levels of HXKs in the leaves and the total mtHXK activity in the mitochondrial fraction. The role of mitochondrial hexokinases (mtHXKs) in ROS and NO production of isolated mitochondria was investigated by the addition of HXK substrate, glucose (Glc) and a specific HXK inhibitor, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) to the mitochondrial suspension. Both SA treatments enhanced ROS production by mtETC in the presence of succinate and ADP, which was slightly inhibited by Glc and increased significantly by NAG in control and in 0.1 mM SA-treated mitochondria. These changes were not significant at 1 mM SA, which caused disorganisation of mitochondrial membranes. Thus the inhibition of mtHXK activity can contribute to the mitochondrial ROS production, but it is not involved in NO generation in SA-treated leaf mitochondria suggesting that SA can promote cell death by suppressing mtHXK transcription and activity.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Both salicylic acid concentrations increased leaf ROS and NO production.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Both treatmentse0
- Outcome
- ROS and nitric oxide (NO) productione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both treatments enhanced ROS and nitric oxide (NO) production in the leaves”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid caused concentration-dependent loss of leaf membrane integrity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- loss of membrane integritye0
- Qualifier
- concentration-dependente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which contributed to a concentration-dependent loss of membrane integrity”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid exposure caused mitochondrial swelling and disorganized cristae.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SA exposuree0
- Outcome
- swelling and disorganisation of mitochondrial cristaee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“showed swelling and disorganisation of mitochondrial cristae and vacuolization of mitochondria after SA exposure”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid exposure caused mitochondrial vacuolization.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SA exposuree0
- Outcome
- vacuolization of mitochondriae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“showed swelling and disorganisation of mitochondrial cristae and vacuolization of mitochondria after SA exposure”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytochrome c release from mitochondria was detected after 1 mM salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 1 mM SA treatmente0
- Gene
- cyt ce0
- Outcome
- cyt c release from mitochondriae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cyt c release from mitochondria was also detected after 1 mM SA treatment”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both salicylic acid treatments reduced leaf hexokinase activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Both SA treatmentse0
- Gene
- HXKse0
- Outcome
- activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both SA treatments decreased the activity and transcript levels of HXKs in the leaves”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both salicylic acid treatments reduced leaf hexokinase transcripts.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Both SA treatmentse0
- Gene
- HXKse0
- Outcome
- transcript levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both SA treatments decreased the activity and transcript levels of HXKs in the leaves”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both salicylic acid treatments reduced total mitochondrial hexokinase activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- mitochondrial fractione0
- Treatment
- Both SA treatmentse0
- Gene
- mtHXKe0
- Outcome
- total mtHXK activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both SA treatments decreased the activity and transcript levels of HXKs in the leaves and the total mtHXK activity in the mitochondrial fraction”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both salicylic acid treatments increased mitochondrial electron transport chain ROS production with succinate and ADP.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Both SA treatmentse0
- Outcome
- ROS production by mtETCe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- in the presence of succinate and ADPe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both SA treatments enhanced ROS production by mtETC in the presence of succinate and ADP”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucose slightly inhibited mitochondrial ROS production.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Glce0
- Outcome
- ROS production by mtETCe1
- Direction
- slightly inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which was slightly inhibited by Glc”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“Both SA treatments enhanced ROS production by mtETC in the presence of succinate and ADP”
Claim · model-written summary
N-acetylglucosamine significantly increased mitochondrial ROS production in control and 0.1 mM salicylic acid mitochondria.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NAGe0
- Outcome
- ROS production by mtETCe1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in control and in 0.1 mM SA-treated mitochondriae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased significantly by NAG in control and in 0.1 mM SA-treated mitochondria”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“Both SA treatments enhanced ROS production by mtETC in the presence of succinate and ADP”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1 mM salicylic acid these changes were not significant.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 1 mM SAe0
- Outcome
- These changese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These changes were not significant at 1 mM SA”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibiting mitochondrial hexokinase activity may contribute to mitochondrial ROS production.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- mtHXKe0
- Outcome
- mitochondrial ROS productione0
- Qualifier
- inhibition of mtHXK activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus the inhibition of mtHXK activity can contribute to the mitochondrial ROS production”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mitochondrial hexokinase activity was not involved in NO generation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- NO generatione0
- Qualifier
- SA-treated leaf mitochondriae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but it is not involved in NO generation in SA-treated leaf mitochondria”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid may promote cell death by suppressing mitochondrial hexokinase transcription and activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Gene
- mtHXKe0
- Outcome
- cell deathe0
- Qualifier
- suppressing mtHXK transcription and activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting that SA can promote cell death by suppressing mtHXK transcription and activity”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
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salicylic acid · physiology: oxidative · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
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See all 37 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.