Abstract
Climate crisis in the Mediterranean region has severely affected olive tree cultivation, especially due to the long, dry summers, when temperature often rises above 40 °C. In order to overcome such climate challenges in the olive sector, the particle film technology (PFT) was used, as an environmentally friendly alleviation technique, due mainly to the reflecting properties of clay materials. Three clay materials—attapulgite, talc, and kaolin—were applied foliarly to olive trees (both rainfed and irrigated) in July and August. At harvest, yield and oil production per tree were assessed, alongside olive oil quality and functional properties. Under irrigated conditions, trees treated with kaolin or talc in July exhibited the highest yields, whereas under rainfed conditions, trees treated with attapulgite in August, followed by those treated with talc in August, showed the greatest yields. Oil production exceeded that of controls in rainfed trees across nearly all clay treatments. Oils from irrigated trees treated with talc in August and rainfed trees treated with talc in July exhibited high phenolic content, though antioxidant capacity peaked in oils from trees treated with talc in August. These oils, along with those from trees treated with attapulgite in August, contained the highest concentrations of hydroxytyrosol and oleacein. In rainfed trees, most clay treatments resulted in oils with elevated oleic acid (C18:1) and reduced linoleic acid levels, yielding a high monounsaturated-to-polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio. In irrigated groves, August applications produced oils with distinct differences from controls, whereas in rainfed conditions, these differences were evident regardless of application timing. Clay materials offer a promising approach for mitigating abiotic stress under Mediterranean summer conditions; however, further research is needed to elucidate their mechanisms of action. This study represents the first report of foliar attapulgite application in plants and talc application in olive trees.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
July kaolin gave the highest yield under irrigation.
- Taxon
- Olive
Olea europaeat0 - Treatment
- kaoline0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- irrigated conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under irrigated conditions, trees treated with kaolin or talc in July exhibited the highest yields”
t0“on Olive Production Traits”
Claim · model-written summary
July talc gave the highest yield under irrigation.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- talce0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- irrigated conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under irrigated conditions, trees treated with kaolin or talc in July exhibited the highest yields”
t0“on Olive Production Traits”
Claim · model-written summary
August attapulgite gave the greatest rainfed yield.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- attapulgitee0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- rainfed conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under rainfed conditions, trees treated with attapulgite in August, followed by those treated with talc in August, showed the greatest yields”
t0“on Olive Production Traits”
Claim · model-written summary
August talc ranked after attapulgite for rainfed yield.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- talce0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- rainfed conditionse0
- Comparator
- attapulgitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under rainfed conditions, trees treated with attapulgite in August, followed by those treated with talc in August, showed the greatest yields”
t0“on Olive Production Traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Nearly all clay treatments increased oil production in rainfed trees over controls.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- clay treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Oil productione0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Qualifier
- rainfed treese0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oil production exceeded that of controls in rainfed trees across nearly all clay treatments”
t0“on Olive Production Traits”
Claim · model-written summary
August talc under irrigation produced oil with high phenolic content.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- talc in Auguste0
- Outcome
- phenolic contente0
- Direction
- highe0
- Qualifier
- irrigated treese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oils from irrigated trees treated with talc in August and rainfed trees treated with talc in July exhibited high phenolic content”
t0“on Olive Production Traits”
Claim · model-written summary
July talc under rainfed conditions produced oil with high phenolic content.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- talc in Julye0
- Outcome
- phenolic contente0
- Direction
- highe0
- Qualifier
- rainfed treese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oils from irrigated trees treated with talc in August and rainfed trees treated with talc in July exhibited high phenolic content”
t0“on Olive Production Traits”
Claim · model-written summary
August talc produced oil with peak antioxidant capacity.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- talc in Auguste0
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- peakede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant capacity peaked in oils from trees treated with talc in August”
t0“on Olive Production Traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Oils from talc and August attapulgite treatments had the highest hydroxytyrosol and oleacein concentrations.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- attapulgite in Auguste0
- Outcome
- concentrations of hydroxytyrosol and oleaceine0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These oils, along with those from trees treated with attapulgite in August, contained the highest concentrations of hydroxytyrosol and oleacein”
t0“on Olive Production Traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Most clay treatments elevated oleic acid in rainfed oil.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- clay treatmentse0
- Outcome
- oleic acid (C18:1)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In rainfed trees, most clay treatments resulted in oils with elevated oleic acid (C18:1) and reduced linoleic acid levels”
t0“on Olive Production Traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Most clay treatments reduced linoleic acid in rainfed oil.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- clay treatmentse0
- Outcome
- linoleic acid levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In rainfed trees, most clay treatments resulted in oils with elevated oleic acid (C18:1) and reduced linoleic acid levels”
t0“on Olive Production Traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfed clay treatments yielded a high monounsaturated-to-polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- clay treatmentse1
- Outcome
- monounsaturated-to-polyunsaturated fatty acid ratioe0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yielding a high monounsaturated-to-polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio”
e1“In rainfed trees, most clay treatments”
t0“on Olive Production Traits”
Claim · model-written summary
August applications in irrigated groves produced oils differing from controls.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- August applicationse0
- Outcome
- oils with distinct differencese0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In irrigated groves, August applications produced oils with distinct differences from controls”
t0“on Olive Production Traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfed application timing did not limit oil differences from controls.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- application timinge0
- Outcome
- differencese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in rainfed conditions, these differences were evident regardless of application timing”
t0“on Olive Production Traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Clay materials were proposed to mitigate Mediterranean summer abiotic stress.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- mitigating abiotic stresse0
- Setting
- Mediterraneane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clay materials offer a promising approach for mitigating abiotic stress under Mediterranean summer conditions”
t0“on Olive Production Traits”
The same questions in other papers
kaolin · yield · Olea europaea (common olive)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.