Abstract
Iron (Fe) and water availability are closely linked, yet the mechanisms of tolerance to these combined stresses in soybean remain poorly understood. This study elucidates host-microbe interactions in Clark (tolerant) and Arisoy (sensitive) genotypes exposed to Fe deficiency and drought. Clark exhibited resilience to stress through sustained osmotic regulation and nutrient uptake, in contrast to Arisoy. Particularly, Fe retention in Clark, along with up-regulation of ferritin-like proteins, may reduce oxidative stress by limiting Fenton reactions. In RNA-seq analysis, we observed the up-regulation of symbiotic genes, such as Chalcone-flavonone isomerase 1 and SWEET10, accompanied by increased rhizosphere siderophore and root flavonoid in Clark. Interestingly, the combined stress led to distinct root and nodule microbiome dynamics, with Clark recruiting Variovorax and Paecilomyces, whereas Arisoy exhibited the opposite pattern. Clark also maintained nodule Bradyrhizobium and tissue nitrogen status, supported by ammonium retention and induction of Ammonium transporter 1 in roots. Furthermore, in vitro compatibility between Variovorax paradoxus and Paecilomyces lilacinus suggests a synergistic interaction, with their localized signals benefiting Clark. Remarkably, enriched microbiomes enhanced growth and increased rhizosphere siderophore levels in sensitive genotypes under stress. This study reveals key mechanisms of dual stress tolerance in soybean, offering targets for breeding and microbiome-based biofertilizers.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Clark sustained osmotic regulation and nutrient uptake under stress relative to Arisoy.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Material
- Clarke0
- Treatment
- stresse0
- Outcome
- osmotic regulation and nutrient uptakee0
- Comparator
- Arisoye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clark exhibited resilience to stress through sustained osmotic regulation and nutrient uptake, in contrast to Arisoy.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron retention and ferritin-like protein up-regulation in Clark may limit oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Clarke0
- Gene
- ferritin-like proteinse0
- Compound
- Fee0
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Qualifier
- limiting Fenton reactionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe retention in Clark, along with up-regulation of ferritin-like proteins, may reduce oxidative stress by limiting Fenton reactions.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Symbiotic genes Chalcone-flavonone isomerase 1 and SWEET10 were up-regulated in Clark.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Gene
- Chalcone-flavonone isomerase 1 and SWEET10e0
- Outcome
- up-regulation of symbiotic genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we observed the up-regulation of symbiotic genes, such as Chalcone-flavonone isomerase 1 and SWEET10”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizosphere siderophore increased in Clark.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Clarke0
- Outcome
- rhizosphere siderophoree0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased rhizosphere siderophore and root flavonoid in Clark”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Root flavonoid increased in Clark.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Clarke0
- Outcome
- root flavonoide0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased rhizosphere siderophore and root flavonoid in Clark”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress altered root and nodule microbiomes differently between Clark and Arisoy.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- distinct root and nodule microbiome dynamicse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined stress led to distinct root and nodule microbiome dynamics”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Clark recruited Variovorax under combined stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Clarke0
- Interactor
- VariovoraxVariovoraxe0symbiont
- Outcome
- recruiting Variovoraxe0
- Comparator
- Arisoye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clark recruiting Variovorax and Paecilomyces, whereas Arisoy exhibited the opposite pattern”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Clark recruited Paecilomyces under combined stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Clarke0
- Interactor
- Paecilomyces
Paecilomycese0symbiont
- Outcome
- recruiting Variovorax and Paecilomycese0
- Comparator
- Arisoye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clark recruiting Variovorax and Paecilomyces, whereas Arisoy exhibited the opposite pattern”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Clark maintained nodule Bradyrhizobium and tissue nitrogen status.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Clarke0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium
Bradyrhizobiume0symbiont - Outcome
- nodule Bradyrhizobium and tissue nitrogen statuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clark also maintained nodule Bradyrhizobium and tissue nitrogen status”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Clark retained ammonium and induced Ammonium transporter 1 in roots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Gene
- Ammonium transporter 1e0
- Outcome
- ammonium retention and induction of Ammonium transporter 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supported by ammonium retention and induction of Ammonium transporter 1 in roots”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Variovorax paradoxus and Paecilomyces lilacinus were compatible in vitro and their localized signals benefited Clark.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Clarke0
- Interactor
- Variovorax paradoxusVariovorax paradoxuse0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Paecilomyces lilacinus
Purpureocillium lilacinume0symbiont - Outcome
- localized signals benefiting Clarke0
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in vitro compatibility between Variovorax paradoxus and Paecilomyces lilacinus suggests a synergistic interaction, with their localized signals benefiting Clark”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Enriched microbiomes enhanced growth in sensitive genotypes under stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- enriched microbiomese0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- sensitive genotypes under stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enriched microbiomes enhanced growth and increased rhizosphere siderophore levels in sensitive genotypes under stress”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Enriched microbiomes increased rhizosphere siderophore levels in sensitive genotypes under stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- enriched microbiomese0
- Outcome
- rhizosphere siderophore levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- sensitive genotypes under stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enriched microbiomes enhanced growth and increased rhizosphere siderophore levels in sensitive genotypes under stress”
t0“soybean”