Abstract
To identify optimal strategies for high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation under a “short-season direct-seeded cotton with once-only irrigation” regime, we conducted two-year field experiments (2022 and 2023) using a split-plot factorial design with three planting densities (30,000 (D1), 45,000 (D2), and 60,000 (D3) plants·ha−1) and three nitrogen application rates (150 (N1), 180 (N2), and 210 (N3) kg·ha−1). Our study systematically examined how these treatment combinations influenced canopy architecture, physiological traits, yield components, and fiber quality. The results showed that increased planting density significantly enhanced plant height, the leaf area index (LAI), and the number of fruiting branches, with the highest density (D3) contributing to a more compact and efficient canopy. Moderate nitrogen input (N2) significantly increased peroxidase (POD) activity, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, delayed functional leaf senescence, and prolonged the canopy’s photosynthetic performance. A significant interaction between planting density and nitrogen application was observed. The D3N2 treatment (high density with moderate nitrogen) consistently achieved the highest fruiting branch count, boll number per plant, and yields of both seed cotton and lint in both years, while maintaining stable fiber quality. This indicates its strong capacity to balance high yield with quality and maintain physiological resilience. By contrast, the D1N1 treatment (low density and low nitrogen) exhibited a loose canopy, premature photosynthetic decline, and the lowest yield. The D3N3 treatment (high density and high nitrogen) promoted vigorous early growth but reduced stress tolerance during later growth stages, leading to yield instability. These findings demonstrate that moderately increasing planting density while maintaining appropriate nitrogen levels can effectively optimize canopy structure, improve stress resilience, and enhance yield under short-season direct-seeded cotton systems with once-only irrigation. This provides both theoretical underpinning and practical guidance for achieving stable and efficient cotton production under such systems.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Increased planting density significantly enhanced plant height, leaf area index and the number of fruiting branches in cotton.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- increased planting densitye1
- Outcome
- plant height, the leaf area index (LAI), and the number of fruiting branchese1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Short-Season Direct-Seeded Cotton Cultivation”
e1“The results showed that increased planting density significantly enhanced plant height, the leaf area index (LAI), and the number of fruiting branches”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest density (D3) contributed to a more compact and efficient cotton canopy.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- highest density (D3)e2
- Outcome
- canopye2
- Direction
- more compact and efficiente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Short-Season Direct-Seeded Cotton Cultivation”
e2“with the highest density (D3) contributing to a more compact and efficient canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate nitrogen input (N2) significantly increased peroxidase (POD) activity in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Moderate nitrogen input (N2)e3
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD) activitye3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Short-Season Direct-Seeded Cotton Cultivation”
e3“Moderate nitrogen input (N2) significantly increased peroxidase (POD) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate nitrogen input (N2) reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Moderate nitrogen input (N2)e3
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulatione4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Short-Season Direct-Seeded Cotton Cultivation”
e3“Moderate nitrogen input (N2) significantly increased peroxidase (POD) activity”
e4“reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate nitrogen input (N2) delayed functional leaf senescence in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Moderate nitrogen input (N2)e3
- Outcome
- functional leaf senescencee5
- Direction
- delayede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Short-Season Direct-Seeded Cotton Cultivation”
e3“Moderate nitrogen input (N2) significantly increased peroxidase (POD) activity”
e5“delayed functional leaf senescence”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate nitrogen input (N2) prolonged the photosynthetic performance of the cotton canopy.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Moderate nitrogen input (N2)e3
- Outcome
- photosynthetic performancee6
- Direction
- prolongede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Short-Season Direct-Seeded Cotton Cultivation”
e3“Moderate nitrogen input (N2) significantly increased peroxidase (POD) activity”
e6“prolonged the canopy’s photosynthetic performance”
Claim · model-written summary
A significant interaction between planting density and nitrogen application was observed in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- planting density and nitrogen applicatione7
- Outcome
- interactione7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Short-Season Direct-Seeded Cotton Cultivation”
e7“A significant interaction between planting density and nitrogen application was observed”
Claim · model-written summary
The D3N2 treatment (high density with moderate nitrogen) achieved the highest fruiting branch count and boll number per plant in both years.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- The D3N2 treatment (high density with moderate nitrogen)e1
- Outcome
- fruiting branch count, boll number per plante1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Short-Season Direct-Seeded Cotton Cultivation”
e1“The D3N2 treatment (high density with moderate nitrogen) consistently achieved the highest fruiting branch count, boll number per plant, and yields of both seed cotton and lint in both years”
Claim · model-written summary
The D3N2 treatment achieved the highest seed cotton and lint yields in both years.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- The D3N2 treatment (high density with moderate nitrogen)e1
- Outcome
- yields of both seed cotton and linte1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- in both yearse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Short-Season Direct-Seeded Cotton Cultivation”
e1“The D3N2 treatment (high density with moderate nitrogen) consistently achieved the highest fruiting branch count, boll number per plant, and yields of both seed cotton and lint in both years”
Claim · model-written summary
The D3N2 treatment maintained stable cotton fiber quality.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- D3N2 treatmente1
- Outcome
- fiber qualitye2
- Direction
- maintaining stablee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Short-Season Direct-Seeded Cotton Cultivation”
e1“The D3N2 treatment (high density with moderate nitrogen) consistently achieved the highest fruiting branch count, boll number per plant, and yields of both seed cotton and lint in both years”
e2“while maintaining stable fiber quality”
Claim · model-written summary
The D1N1 treatment (low density and low nitrogen) gave a loose cotton canopy.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- the D1N1 treatment (low density and low nitrogen)e1
- Outcome
- canopye1
- Direction
- loosee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Short-Season Direct-Seeded Cotton Cultivation”
e1“the D1N1 treatment (low density and low nitrogen) exhibited a loose canopy, premature photosynthetic decline, and the lowest yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The D1N1 treatment caused premature photosynthetic decline in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- the D1N1 treatment (low density and low nitrogen)e1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic declinee1
- Direction
- prematuree1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Short-Season Direct-Seeded Cotton Cultivation”
e1“the D1N1 treatment (low density and low nitrogen) exhibited a loose canopy, premature photosynthetic decline, and the lowest yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The D1N1 treatment gave the lowest cotton yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- the D1N1 treatment (low density and low nitrogen)e1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- loweste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Short-Season Direct-Seeded Cotton Cultivation”
e1“the D1N1 treatment (low density and low nitrogen) exhibited a loose canopy, premature photosynthetic decline, and the lowest yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The D3N3 treatment (high density and high nitrogen) promoted vigorous early growth of cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- The D3N3 treatment (high density and high nitrogen)e1
- Outcome
- early growthe1
- Direction
- promoted vigorouse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Short-Season Direct-Seeded Cotton Cultivation”
e1“The D3N3 treatment (high density and high nitrogen) promoted vigorous early growth but reduced stress tolerance during later growth stages, leading to yield instability”
Claim · model-written summary
The D3N3 treatment reduced stress tolerance of cotton in later growth stages.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- The D3N3 treatment (high density and high nitrogen)e1
- Outcome
- stress tolerancee1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Short-Season Direct-Seeded Cotton Cultivation”
e1“The D3N3 treatment (high density and high nitrogen) promoted vigorous early growth but reduced stress tolerance during later growth stages, leading to yield instability”
Claim · model-written summary
The D3N3 treatment led to cotton yield instability.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- yield instabilitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Short-Season Direct-Seeded Cotton Cultivation”
e1“The D3N3 treatment (high density and high nitrogen) promoted vigorous early growth but reduced stress tolerance during later growth stages, leading to yield instability”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderately increasing planting density while keeping appropriate nitrogen levels can optimize canopy structure, improve stress resilience and enhance cotton yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- moderately increasing planting density while maintaining appropriate nitrogen levelse1
- Outcome
- optimize canopy structure, improve stress resilience, and enhance yielde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Short-Season Direct-Seeded Cotton Cultivation”
e1“moderately increasing planting density while maintaining appropriate nitrogen levels can effectively optimize canopy structure, improve stress resilience, and enhance yield under short-season direct-seeded cotton systems”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.