Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a globally renowned medicinal plant. The primary active compounds in ginseng are ginsenosides, which have been shown to possess preventive and therapeutic properties against a range of ailments. WNK (with no lysine) kinases is a subfamily of serine/threonine protein kinases. Members of the WNK gene family play vital roles in the regulation of plant growth, development, and biological processes. Several studies have shown that jasmine methyl ester treatment can increase the content of protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides in adventitious ginseng roots. However, there are no reports on the effects of WNK in ginseng under methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. In this study, we conducted a detailed screening, identification, and systematic research on the WNK gene family in ginseng, including phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, chromosomal distribution, GO functional classification, cis-regulatory elements, co-expression network analysis, and gene expression pattern analysis. Furthermore, we identified candidate genes of PgWNK that could significantly respond to methyl jasmonate regulation and conducted an in-depth study of their expression patterns to explore the impact of these candidate genes on the variation in triterpenoid ginsenoside content. We identified 32 WNK genes in ginseng that were unevenly distributed across 11 of the 24 chromosomes in the ginseng genome. GO functional annotation and enrichment analysis of the PgWNK genes revealed their involvement in numerous biological processes, including ginseng growth, development, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Through expression network analysis, we further understand that there are complex interactions among members of the PgWNK gene family. In addition, 17 non-biological stress response components related to hormone response, growth, and development were predicted in the promoter area of the PgWNK gene. At the same time, we studied the gene expression of PgWNK after MeJA treatment and found that the expression related to ginsenoside biosynthesis was significantly increased as the regulation time was prolonged. Following MeJA regulation, the content of five protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides (Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, and Rh1) increased owing to the adjustment of PgWNK05 gene expression. Therefore, our results provide an important theoretical foundation for understanding the molecular characteristics, genetic evolution, genetic functions, expression patterns, and non-biological coercion of the WNK gene family in ginseng. The underlying research on the biological synthesis of ginsenosides provides a foundation and theoretical support.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
The ginseng genome contains 32 WNK genes across 11 chromosomes.
- Taxon
- ginseng
Panax ginsenge0 - Gene
- WNK genese0
- Outcome
- WNK genes in ginsenge0
- Value
- 32e0
- Qualifier
- unevenly distributed across 11 of the 24 chromosomese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We identified 32 WNK genes in ginseng that were unevenly distributed across 11 of the 24 chromosomes in the ginseng genome.”
Claim · model-written summary
Functional annotation associated PgWNK genes with growth, development and secondary metabolism.
- Taxon
- ginsengPanax ginsenge0
- Gene
- PgWNK genese0
- Outcome
- involvement in numerous biological processes, including ginseng growth, development, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GO functional annotation and enrichment analysis of the PgWNK genes revealed their involvement in numerous biological processes, including ginseng growth, development, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression network analysis found complex interactions among PgWNK members.
- Taxon
- ginsengPanax ginsenge1
- Gene
- PgWNK gene familye0
- Outcome
- complex interactions among members of the PgWNK gene familye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Through expression network analysis, we further understand that there are complex interactions among members of the PgWNK gene family.”
e1“ginseng genome”
Claim · model-written summary
Seventeen response components were predicted in the PgWNK promoter region.
- Taxon
- ginsengPanax ginsenge1
- Gene
- PgWNK genee0
- Outcome
- non-biological stress response components related to hormone response, growth, and developmente0
- Value
- 17e0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“17 non-biological stress response components related to hormone response, growth, and development were predicted in the promoter area of the PgWNK gene.”
e1“ginseng genome”
Claim · model-written summary
PgWNK expression related to ginsenoside biosynthesis increased significantly with longer methyl jasmonate regulation.
- Taxon
- ginsengPanax ginsenge1
- Treatment
- MeJA treatmente0
- Gene
- PgWNKe0
- Outcome
- expression related to ginsenoside biosynthesise0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- regulation timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we studied the gene expression of PgWNK after MeJA treatment and found that the expression related to ginsenoside biosynthesis was significantly increased as the regulation time was prolonged.”
e1“ginseng genome”
Claim · model-written summary
After methyl jasmonate regulation, five protopanaxatriol ginsenosides increased, attributed to PgWNK05 expression adjustment.
- Taxon
- ginsengPanax ginsenge1
- Treatment
- MeJA regulatione0
- Gene
- PgWNK05e0
- Outcome
- content of five protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides (Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, and Rh1)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Following MeJA regulation, the content of five protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides (Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, and Rh1) increased owing to the adjustment of PgWNK05 gene expression.”
e1“ginseng genome”
The same questions in other papers
(-)-methyl jasmonate · molecular: expression · Panax ginseng (ginseng)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.