Abstract
Abstract Background Heavy metals especially cadmium (Cd), has become a matter of concern for environmentalists due to extensive industrialization and poor management of industrial waste. As a toxic pollutant, Cd has ability to deteriorate soil quality and hence disturbs the plant growth and yield. Co-composted biochar (COMBI) has been reported as an excellent organic amendment for improving soil quality, crop productivity and amelioration of heavy metals polluted soil. Therefore, an experiment was performed to assess the potential of co-composted biochar to enhance sunflower growth under Cd stressed soil. Different concentrations 0, 30 and 60 mg kg -1 Cd and normal, modified and co-composted biochar at the rate of 1% (w/w) were applied to soil. Results The application of normal and modified biochar considerably improved the sunflower growth, yield, physiology and biochemistry and decreased the Cd uptake in plant tissues. Among applied amendments, co-composted biochar showed better results, by increasing the crop agronomic parameters ranging from 115 to 132%, as compared to control treatment under Cd stress. The chlorophyll content, water use efficiency (WUE), photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), sub-stomatal conductance (Ci), relative water content (RWC), and electrolyte leakage (EL) were improved by 122, 117, 126, 133, 128, 131, 123, and 121%, respectively, when co-composted biochar was used compared to the control. Moreover, stress related metabolites and antioxidant enzyme essays showed increase in proline content, soluble sugars, lipid peroxidation, catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) by using co-composted biochar by 123, 121, 118, 128, 124, 133 and 126%, respectively, in Cd (60 mg kg -1 ) contaminated soil. In addition to this, a prominent reduction in accumulation of Cd in the root (66%), shoot (77%) and grain (94%) was observed due to its immobilization in soil (121%) under the influence of co-composted biochar application. Conclusion The results of this study revealed that application of biochar could improve crop growth and immobilize Cd in soil and co-composted biochar could be adopted as a better strategy to remediate the heavy metal stressed soils. It can be considered as an effective practical approach to transform agricultural waste materials into organic soil amendments to be applied for sustainable agricultural practices in polluted soil.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar increased the crop agronomic parameters of sunflower by 115 to 132% relative to the control under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- co-composted biochare1
- Outcome
- crop agronomic parameterse1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Value
- 115 to 132%e1
- Qualifier
- Cd stresse1
- Comparator
- control treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“co-composted biochar showed better results, by increasing the crop agronomic parameters ranging from 115 to 132%, as compared to control treatment under Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar improved sunflower chlorophyll content by 122% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- co-composted biochare3
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 122e2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“The chlorophyll content”
e2“were improved by 122, 117, 126, 133, 128, 131, 123, and 121%”
e3“co-composted biochar was used compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar improved sunflower water use efficiency by 117% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- co-composted biochare3
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye1
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 117e2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“water use efficiency (WUE)”
e2“were improved by 122, 117, 126, 133, 128, 131, 123, and 121%”
e3“co-composted biochar was used compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar improved sunflower photosynthetic rate by 126% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- co-composted biochare3
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee1
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 126e2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“photosynthetic rate (A)”
e2“were improved by 122, 117, 126, 133, 128, 131, 123, and 121%”
e3“co-composted biochar was used compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar improved sunflower transpiration rate by 133% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- co-composted biochare3
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee1
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 133e2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“transpiration rate (E)”
e2“were improved by 122, 117, 126, 133, 128, 131, 123, and 121%”
e3“co-composted biochar was used compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar improved sunflower stomatal conductance by 128% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- co-composted biochare3
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee1
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 128e2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“stomatal conductance (gs)”
e2“were improved by 122, 117, 126, 133, 128, 131, 123, and 121%”
e3“co-composted biochar was used compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar improved sunflower sub-stomatal conductance by 131% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- co-composted biochare3
- Outcome
- sub-stomatal conductancee1
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 131e2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“sub-stomatal conductance (Ci)”
e2“were improved by 122, 117, 126, 133, 128, 131, 123, and 121%”
e3“co-composted biochar was used compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar improved sunflower relative water content by 123% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- co-composted biochare3
- Outcome
- relative water contente1
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 123e2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“relative water content (RWC)”
e2“were improved by 122, 117, 126, 133, 128, 131, 123, and 121%”
e3“co-composted biochar was used compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar improved electrolyte leakage in sunflower by 121% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- co-composted biochare3
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee1
- Direction
- improvede2
- Value
- 121%e2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“electrolyte leakage (EL)”
e2“were improved by 122, 117, 126, 133, 128, 131, 123, and 121%”
e3“co-composted biochar was used compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar increased sunflower proline content by 123% in Cd (60 mg kg-1) contaminated soil.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- co-composted biochare2
- Outcome
- proline contente1
- Value
- 123e3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“proline content”
e2“by using co-composted biochar”
e3“123, 121, 118, 128, 124, 133 and 126%”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar increased sunflower soluble sugars by 121% in Cd (60 mg kg-1) contaminated soil.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- co-composted biochare2
- Outcome
- soluble sugarse1
- Value
- 121e3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“soluble sugars”
e2“by using co-composted biochar”
e3“123, 121, 118, 128, 124, 133 and 126%”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar increased sunflower lipid peroxidation by 118% in Cd (60 mg kg-1) contaminated soil.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- co-composted biochare2
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione1
- Value
- 118e3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“lipid peroxidation”
e2“by using co-composted biochar”
e3“123, 121, 118, 128, 124, 133 and 126%”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar increased sunflower catalase activity by 128% in Cd (60 mg kg-1) contaminated soil.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- co-composted biochare2
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e1
- Value
- 128e3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“catalase (CAT)”
e2“by using co-composted biochar”
e3“123, 121, 118, 128, 124, 133 and 126%”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar increased sunflower ascorbate peroxidase activity by 124% in Cd (60 mg kg-1) contaminated soil.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- co-composted biochare2
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e1
- Value
- 124e3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“ascorbate peroxidase (APX)”
e2“by using co-composted biochar”
e3“123, 121, 118, 128, 124, 133 and 126%”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar increased sunflower superoxide dismutase activity by 133% in Cd (60 mg kg-1) contaminated soil.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- co-composted biochare2
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e1
- Value
- 133e3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“superoxide dismutase (SOD)”
e2“by using co-composted biochar”
e3“123, 121, 118, 128, 124, 133 and 126%”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar increased sunflower glutathione reductase activity by 126% in Cd (60 mg kg-1) contaminated soil.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- co-composted biochare2
- Outcome
- glutathione reductase (GR)e1
- Value
- 126%e3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“glutathione reductase (GR)”
e2“by using co-composted biochar”
e3“123, 121, 118, 128, 124, 133 and 126%”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar reduced Cd accumulation in sunflower roots by 66%.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- roote1
- Treatment
- co-composted biochar applicatione2
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cde1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 66%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“a prominent reduction in accumulation of Cd in the root (66%), shoot (77%) and grain (94%)”
e2“under the influence of co-composted biochar application”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar reduced Cd accumulation in sunflower shoots by 77%.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- shoote1
- Treatment
- co-composted biochar applicatione2
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cde1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 77%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“a prominent reduction in accumulation of Cd in the root (66%), shoot (77%) and grain (94%)”
e2“under the influence of co-composted biochar application”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar reduced Cd accumulation in sunflower grain by 94%.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- graine1
- Treatment
- co-composted biochar applicatione2
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cde1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- 94%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“a prominent reduction in accumulation of Cd in the root (66%), shoot (77%) and grain (94%)”
e2“under the influence of co-composted biochar application”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd was immobilized in soil (121%) under co-composted biochar application.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- co-composted biochar applicatione1
- Outcome
- immobilization in soile1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 121%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower”
e1“its immobilization in soil (121%) under the influence of co-composted biochar application”
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biochar · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
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1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.