Abstract
The multiple contamination of pesticides are common in farmland soil. However, there is a noteworthy knowledge gap regarding the ecophysiological response of co-exposure of pesticides on non-target crops under such conditions. Silicon (Si) was chosen to alleviate pesticides phytotoxicity due to its ability to improve plant growth and adaptive responses against xenobiotics exposure. This study explores the mechanisms of combined effects of lambda-cyhalothrin (CM), a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide and difenoconazole (DIF), a systemic triazole fungicide induced phytotoxicity and the potential of Si to alleviate CM + DIF toxicity by regulating growth, redox homeostasis, and antioxidant defense in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings. The results showed that tomato growth and chlorophyll biosynthesis was significantly inhibited by individual and combined stress of CM and DIF, possibly due to induced oxidative stress. Interestingly, the extent of lipid peroxidation was much higher under CM and DIF co-exposure than under CM and DIF only, as indicated by MDA level, thus indicating the synergistic effect of pesticide on oxidative damage. Moreover, pesticide exposure significantly improved ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, reduced glutathione, and proline in tomato seedlings compared to control. Our study demonstrates that Si improves tomato seedling's tolerance to CM + DIF toxicity by enhancing pesticides metabolism through GSH-GST detoxification enzymes. Si supply also enhanced PAL activity and stimulated reactions in the phenylpropanoid pathway to produce phenolic and flavonoids in tomato seedlings under CM + DIF stress. Si promotes chlorophyll biosynthesis and reinforces the antioxidative system, thereby maintaining redox homeostasis and overall seedling growth under CM and DIF co-exposure. The findings provide valuable information about the underlying mechanisms of Si-mediated CM and DIF co-exposure response with potential use as effective bio-stimulants in agriculture to address pesticides phytotoxicity issues.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Individual and combined stress of CM and DIF significantly inhibited tomato growth and chlorophyll biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- individual and combined stress of CM and DIFe1
- Outcome
- growth and chlorophyll biosynthesise1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Qualifier
- possibly due to induced oxidative stresse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato seedlings”
e1“tomato growth and chlorophyll biosynthesis was significantly inhibited by individual and combined stress of CM and DIF, possibly due to induced oxidative stress”
Claim · model-written summary
CM and DIF co-exposure raised lipid peroxidation much more than CM and DIF alone.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CM and DIF co-exposuree2
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione2
- Direction
- much highere2
- Qualifier
- as indicated by MDA levele2
- Comparator
- CM and DIF onlye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato seedlings”
e2“the extent of lipid peroxidation was much higher under CM and DIF co-exposure than under CM and DIF only, as indicated by MDA level”
Claim · model-written summary
Pesticide exposure significantly improved ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase in tomato seedlings compared with control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse3
- Treatment
- pesticide exposuree3
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, glutathione S-transferasee3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato seedlings”
e3“pesticide exposure significantly improved ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, reduced glutathione, and proline in tomato seedlings compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Pesticide exposure significantly improved reduced glutathione and proline in tomato seedlings compared with control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse3
- Treatment
- pesticide exposuree3
- Outcome
- reduced glutathione, and prolinee3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato seedlings”
e3“pesticide exposure significantly improved ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, reduced glutathione, and proline in tomato seedlings compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon supply enhanced PAL activity in tomato seedlings under CM + DIF stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse4
- Treatment
- Si supplye4
- Gene
- PALe4
- Outcome
- PAL activitye4
- Direction
- enhancede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato seedlings”
e4“Si supply also enhanced PAL activity and stimulated reactions in the phenylpropanoid pathway to produce phenolic and flavonoids in tomato seedlings under CM + DIF stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon supply stimulated production of phenolic and flavonoids in tomato seedlings under CM + DIF stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse4
- Treatment
- Si supplye4
- Outcome
- phenolic and flavonoidse4
- Direction
- stimulatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato seedlings”
e4“Si supply also enhanced PAL activity and stimulated reactions in the phenylpropanoid pathway to produce phenolic and flavonoids in tomato seedlings under CM + DIF stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon promotes chlorophyll biosynthesis in tomato seedlings under CM and DIF co-exposure.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Sie5
- Outcome
- chlorophyll biosynthesise5
- Direction
- promotese5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato seedlings”
e5“Si promotes chlorophyll biosynthesis and reinforces the antioxidative system, thereby maintaining redox homeostasis and overall seedling growth under CM and DIF co-exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon reinforces the antioxidative system in tomato seedlings under CM and DIF co-exposure.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Sie5
- Outcome
- antioxidative systeme5
- Direction
- reinforcese5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato seedlings”
e5“Si promotes chlorophyll biosynthesis and reinforces the antioxidative system, thereby maintaining redox homeostasis and overall seedling growth under CM and DIF co-exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon maintains redox homeostasis and overall seedling growth under CM and DIF co-exposure.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Sie5
- Outcome
- redox homeostasis and overall seedling growthe5
- Direction
- maintaininge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato seedlings”
e5“Si promotes chlorophyll biosynthesis and reinforces the antioxidative system, thereby maintaining redox homeostasis and overall seedling growth under CM and DIF co-exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon improves tolerance of tomato seedlings to CM + DIF toxicity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Sie6
- Outcome
- tolerance to CM + DIF toxicitye6
- Direction
- improvese6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato seedlings”
e6“Our study demonstrates that Si improves tomato seedling's tolerance to CM + DIF toxicity by enhancing pesticides metabolism through GSH-GST detoxification enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon enhances pesticide metabolism in tomato seedlings through GSH-GST detoxification enzymes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Sie6
- Gene
- GSH-GST detoxification enzymese6
- Outcome
- pesticides metabolisme6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato seedlings”
e6“Our study demonstrates that Si improves tomato seedling's tolerance to CM + DIF toxicity by enhancing pesticides metabolism through GSH-GST detoxification enzymes”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.