Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops providing food to one fifth of the world population. Wheat cultivation faces numerous challenges, including climate change impacts like heat stress and water scarcity, biotic stresses such as diseases and pest and soil degradation. The food security under limited resources and global climate change has become a major challenge for sustainability. Therefore, the present field investigation was conducted in wheat crop during rabi 2021-22 at Irrigation and Water Management Farm of Department of Soil Science, CSK HPKV, Palampur to study the effect of regulated deficit irrigation on the growth and yield attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The treatments consisted of selected combination of four deficit levels viz. high (50% ETC), medium (70% ETC), low (90% ETC) and free from deficit (100% ETC) and three phases of application viz. phase I (CRI and jointing), phase II (flowering) and phase III (dough stage). A total of eight combinations viz. FFF: Free from deficit at all three phases; LLL: Low deficit at all three phases; MMM: Medium deficit at all three phases; FMM: Free from deficit at phase I, Medium at phase II, Medium at phase III; HFM: High at phase I, Free from deficit at phase II, Medium at phase III; MFH: Medium at phase I, Free from deficit at phase II, High at phase III; MFM: Medium at phase I, Free from deficit at phase II, Medium at phase III; HFH: High at phase I, Free from deficit at phase II and High at phase III, were tested under randomized block design, replicated thrice. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in organic carbon, available potassium, high in available phosphorus and low in available nitrogen. Results revealed that among all regulated water deficit schemes the low deficit LLL scheme of 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stage resulted in higher plant height (105.4 cm), higher dry matter accumulation (763.1 gm-2), more no. of tillers per meter square (236.4), more no. of ears per meter square (224.0), more no. of grains per ear (38.3), higher 1000 grain weight (42.6 g), higher grain yield (3129 kg ha-1), higher straw yield (4558 kg ha-1), higher values of biological yield (7687 kg ha-1) and harvest index (40.8) that was statistically similar to the wheat cultivation under water deficit free condition at all critical stages of growth (FFF) having values (107.0 cm, 780.3 gm-2, 242.7, 231.0, 39.5, 43.3 (g), 3320 kg ha-1, 4785 kg ha-1, 8105 kg ha-1, 41.0 g for plant height, dry matter accumulation, no. of tillers per meter square, no. of ears per meter square, no. of grains per ear, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index, respectively). Any water deficit below 90% ETC especially a high deficit of 50% ETC at phase I (CRI and jointing) and phase III (dough) (HFH) resulted in significant decrease in yield.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The LLL scheme (90% ETC at all three phases) gave higher plant height than the other regulated deficit schemes.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stagee1
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 105.4 cme1
- Comparator
- regulated water deficit schemese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“among all regulated water deficit schemes the low deficit LLL scheme of 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stage resulted in higher plant height (105.4 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
The LLL scheme (90% ETC at all three phases) gave higher dry matter accumulation than the other regulated deficit schemes.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stagee1
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 763.1 gm-2e1
- Comparator
- regulated water deficit schemese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“among all regulated water deficit schemes the low deficit LLL scheme of 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stage resulted in higher plant height (105.4 cm), higher dry matter accumulation (763.1 gm-2)”
Claim · model-written summary
The LLL scheme (90% ETC at all three phases) gave more tillers per meter square than the other regulated deficit schemes.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stagee1
- Outcome
- no. of tillers per meter squaree1
- Direction
- moree1
- Value
- 236.4e1
- Comparator
- regulated water deficit schemese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“among all regulated water deficit schemes the low deficit LLL scheme of 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stage resulted in higher plant height (105.4 cm), higher dry matter accumulation (763.1 gm-2), more no. of tillers per meter square (236.4)”
Claim · model-written summary
The LLL scheme (90% ETC at all three phases) gave more ears per meter square than the other regulated deficit schemes.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stagee1
- Outcome
- no. of ears per meter squaree1
- Direction
- moree1
- Value
- 224.0e1
- Comparator
- regulated water deficit schemese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“among all regulated water deficit schemes the low deficit LLL scheme of 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stage resulted in higher plant height (105.4 cm), higher dry matter accumulation (763.1 gm-2), more no. of tillers per meter square (236.4), more no. of ears per meter square (224.0)”
Claim · model-written summary
The LLL scheme (90% ETC at all three phases) gave more grains per ear than the other regulated deficit schemes.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stagee1
- Outcome
- no. of grains per eare1
- Direction
- moree1
- Value
- 38.3e1
- Comparator
- regulated water deficit schemese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“among all regulated water deficit schemes the low deficit LLL scheme of 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stage resulted in higher plant height (105.4 cm), higher dry matter accumulation (763.1 gm-2), more no. of tillers per meter square (236.4), more no. of ears per meter square (224.0), more no. of grains per ear (38.3)”
Claim · model-written summary
The LLL scheme (90% ETC at all three phases) gave higher 1000 grain weight than the other regulated deficit schemes.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stagee1
- Outcome
- 1000 grain weighte1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 42.6 ge1
- Comparator
- regulated water deficit schemese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“among all regulated water deficit schemes the low deficit LLL scheme of 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stage resulted in higher plant height (105.4 cm), higher dry matter accumulation (763.1 gm-2), more no. of tillers per meter square (236.4), more no. of ears per meter square (224.0), more no. of grains per ear (38.3), higher 1000 grain weight (42.6 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
The LLL scheme (90% ETC at all three phases) gave higher grain yield than the other regulated deficit schemes.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stagee1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 3129 kg ha-1e1
- Comparator
- regulated water deficit schemese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“among all regulated water deficit schemes the low deficit LLL scheme of 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stage resulted in higher plant height (105.4 cm), higher dry matter accumulation (763.1 gm-2), more no. of tillers per meter square (236.4), more no. of ears per meter square (224.0), more no. of grains per ear (38.3), higher 1000 grain weight (42.6 g), higher grain yield (3129 kg ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
The LLL scheme (90% ETC at all three phases) gave higher straw yield than the other regulated deficit schemes.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stagee1
- Outcome
- straw yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 4558 kg ha-1e1
- Comparator
- regulated water deficit schemese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“among all regulated water deficit schemes the low deficit LLL scheme of 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stage resulted in higher plant height (105.4 cm), higher dry matter accumulation (763.1 gm-2), more no. of tillers per meter square (236.4), more no. of ears per meter square (224.0), more no. of grains per ear (38.3), higher 1000 grain weight (42.6 g), higher grain yield (3129 kg ha-1), higher straw yield (4558 kg ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
The LLL scheme (90% ETC at all three phases) gave higher biological yield than the other regulated deficit schemes.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stagee1
- Outcome
- biological yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 7687 kg ha-1e1
- Comparator
- regulated water deficit schemese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“among all regulated water deficit schemes the low deficit LLL scheme of 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stage resulted in higher plant height (105.4 cm), higher dry matter accumulation (763.1 gm-2), more no. of tillers per meter square (236.4), more no. of ears per meter square (224.0), more no. of grains per ear (38.3), higher 1000 grain weight (42.6 g), higher grain yield (3129 kg ha-1), higher straw yield (4558 kg ha-1), higher values of biological yield (7687 kg ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
The LLL scheme (90% ETC at all three phases) gave higher harvest index than the other regulated deficit schemes.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stagee1
- Outcome
- harvest indexe1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 40.8e1
- Comparator
- regulated water deficit schemese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“among all regulated water deficit schemes the low deficit LLL scheme of 90% ETC application at CRI and jointing, flowering and dough stage resulted in higher plant height (105.4 cm), higher dry matter accumulation (763.1 gm-2), more no. of tillers per meter square (236.4), more no. of ears per meter square (224.0), more no. of grains per ear (38.3), higher 1000 grain weight (42.6 g), higher grain yield (3129 kg ha-1), higher straw yield (4558 kg ha-1), higher values of biological yield (7687 kg ha-1) and harvest index (40.8)”
Claim · model-written summary
The LLL regulated deficit scheme was statistically similar to the water-deficit-free FFF scheme for growth and yield attributes.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- regulated deficit irrigatione2
- Outcome
- growth and yield attributese2
- Direction
- statistically similare3
- Comparator
- water deficit free condition at all critical stages of growthe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e2“regulated deficit irrigation on the growth and yield attributes of wheat”
e3“statistically similar to the wheat cultivation under water deficit free condition at all critical stages of growth (FFF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Any water deficit below 90% ETC, especially HFH, significantly decreased wheat yield.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- water deficit below 90% ETC especially a high deficit of 50% ETCe1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Any water deficit below 90% ETC especially a high deficit of 50% ETC at phase I (CRI and jointing) and phase III (dough) (HFH) resulted in significant decrease in yield”
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