Abstract
Biogas slurry (BS) is used as an organic liquid fertilizer for basal fertilization in semiarid regions. However, a single fertilization with basal fertilizer may reduce water and nitrogen use efficiency, which could negatively affect overall crop yield. This study proposes an innovative approach to enhance the water and nitrogen use efficiency and crop yield in semiarid areas by substituting chemical fertilizers with BS topdressing (SCFT). Based on the premise of equal nitrogen substitution, a maize field experiment was conducted in Shanxi Province, a typical semiarid region of China, using five concentrations of biogas slurry as nitrogen fertilizer (substitution ratios=0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %) for topdressing. Quantified measurements of soil water and nitrogen content, crop physiological growth indicators, and yield in 2021 and 2022.The results showed that the soil moisture content was significantly increased within 5 %, and the content of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in maize root layer was also increased in the short term after topdressing. However, ammonium nitrogen content tends to align with soil moisture content, and significant changes will occur only in the short term after topdressing. SCFT could significantly promote the growth and development of maize, especially with 100 % is used, which showed the most significant effects. Compared to pure chemical fertilizer, SCFT increased plant height, diameter and leaf area index by approximately 10 %, and improved SPAD value, dry matter quality, and nitrogen uptake by approximately 50 %, 30 % and 20 %, respectively. These changes increased crop yield, water-use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency by 16.86–26.47 %, 4–6 kg/(ha·mm) and 16.86–26.47 %, respectively. SCFT can improve water and nitrogen use efficiency as well as crop yield in semiarid regions, and the positive effects of SCFT were demonstrated to have an annual cumulative impact. • Applying BS topdressing is a new technique in organic fertilizer management. • Substituting chemical fertilizers with BS topdressing can enhance yield and improve water and nitrogen use efficiency. • Substituting chemical fertilizers with BS topdressing increased soil moisture content in the main root zone. • Substituting chemical fertilizers with BS topdressing prolongs the growth cycle of maize. • Substituting chemical fertilizers with BS topdressing exhibits an annual cumulative effect.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Biogas slurry topdressing significantly raised soil moisture within 5 %.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the soil moisture content was significantly increased within 5 %, and the content of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in maize root layer was also increased in the short term after topdressing.”
t0“Biogas slurry topdressing as replacement of chemical fertilizers boosts water and nitrogen use efficiency and yield in semiarid rainfed field crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Biogas slurry topdressing increased root-zone ammonium and nitrate nitrogen shortly after application.
- Treatment
- topdressinge0
- Outcome
- content of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in maize root layere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in the short terme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in maize root layer was also increased in the short term after topdressing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize growth and development were significantly promoted by SCFT, especially at 100 %.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SCFT could significantly promote the growth and development of maize, especially with 100 % is used, which showed the most significant effects.”
Claim · model-written summary
SCFT increased plant height, diameter and leaf area index by about 10 % versus chemical fertilizer.
- Treatment
- SCFTe0
- Outcome
- plant height, diameter and leaf area indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- approximately 10 %e0
- Comparator
- pure chemical fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to pure chemical fertilizer, SCFT increased plant height, diameter and leaf area index by approximately 10 %”
t0“a maize field experiment was conducted in Shanxi Province”
Claim · model-written summary
SCFT improved SPAD value by about 50 %.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved SPAD value, dry matter quality, and nitrogen uptake by approximately 50 %, 30 % and 20 %, respectively.”
t0“a maize field experiment was conducted in Shanxi Province”
t1“SCFT could significantly promote the growth and development of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SCFT improved dry matter quality by about 30 %.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved SPAD value, dry matter quality, and nitrogen uptake by approximately 50 %, 30 % and 20 %, respectively.”
t0“a maize field experiment was conducted in Shanxi Province”
t1“SCFT could significantly promote the growth and development of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SCFT improved nitrogen uptake by about 20 %.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved SPAD value, dry matter quality, and nitrogen uptake by approximately 50 %, 30 % and 20 %, respectively.”
t0“a maize field experiment was conducted in Shanxi Province”
t1“SCFT could significantly promote the growth and development of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SCFT increased crop yield by 16.86–26.47 %.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These changes increased crop yield, water-use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency by 16.86–26.47 %, 4–6 kg/(ha·mm) and 16.86–26.47 %, respectively.”
t0“a maize field experiment was conducted in Shanxi Province”
t1“SCFT could significantly promote the growth and development of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SCFT increased water-use efficiency by 4–6 kg/(ha·mm).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These changes increased crop yield, water-use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency by 16.86–26.47 %, 4–6 kg/(ha·mm) and 16.86–26.47 %, respectively.”
t0“a maize field experiment was conducted in Shanxi Province”
t1“SCFT could significantly promote the growth and development of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
SCFT increased nitrogen use efficiency by 16.86–26.47 %.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These changes increased crop yield, water-use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency by 16.86–26.47 %, 4–6 kg/(ha·mm) and 16.86–26.47 %, respectively.”
t0“a maize field experiment was conducted in Shanxi Province”
t1“SCFT could significantly promote the growth and development of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The positive effects of SCFT accumulated annually.
- Outcome
- annual cumulative impacte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the positive effects of SCFT were demonstrated to have an annual cumulative impact.”
t0“a maize field experiment was conducted in Shanxi Province”
Claim · model-written summary
Biogas slurry topdressing prolonged the maize growth cycle.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Substituting chemical fertilizers with BS topdressing prolongs the growth cycle of maize.”
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