Abstract
Applying nitrogen (N) fertilizer at irrational rates and basal topdressing ratios typically leads to high resource wastage and serious environmental pollution and is a global problem. A pot experiment was conducted between 2020 and 2021 to investigate the effects of different N application rates and basal topdressing ratios on the growth, yield, quality, and water- and N- use efficiencies of forage maize. Four N treatments were used, with the following levels: 0 kg/ha (N0), 70 kg/ha (N70), 140 kg/ha (N140), and 210 kg/ha (N210); and two basal topdressing ratios of N fertilizer were tested, namely: 2:8 and 4:6. An increased N application rate, from 0 to 200 kg/ha, increased whole fresh and dry yields. N fertilization increased the crude protein (CP) content of different plant parts (stems, leaves, and ears), as well as at the whole plant level, but decreased neutral and acid detergent fiber content. The dry matter water use efficiency (WUEDM) increased, while the partial-factor productivity of applied N decreased with an increasing N application rate. Compared with N0, the 2-year average dry matter yield under N70, N140, and N210 increased by 21.8%, 27.6%, and 38.2%, respectively, while WUEDM increased by 19.1%, 28.7%, and 45.0%, respectively. At the 2:8 basal topdressing ratio, the dry matter yield, CP content, and N recovery efficiency under all N application rates were higher at harvest compared to the 4:6 ratio during normal rainfall years, while dry matter yield and WUEDM were both lower compared to the 4:6 ratio during dry years. In conclusion, during a normal rainfall year, a N application rate of 210 kg/ha, with a basal topdressing ratio of 2:8 between the sowing and jointing stages, is considered the optimal N fertilizer application strategy to improve forage maize production in the semi-arid areas of the Chinese Loess Plateau.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen application increased whole fresh and dry yields.
Verbatim
e0“An increased N application rate, from 0 to 200 kg/ha, increased whole fresh and dry yields.”
t0“Forage Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased crude protein in stems, leaves, ears and whole plants.
- Taxon
- forage maizet0
- Organ / stage
- stems, leaves, and earse0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- crude protein (CP) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“N fertilization increased the crude protein (CP) content of different plant parts (stems, leaves, and ears), as well as at the whole plant level”
t0“Forage Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization decreased neutral and acid detergent fiber content.
- Taxon
- forage maizet0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- neutral and acid detergent fiber contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“but decreased neutral and acid detergent fiber content.”
t0“Forage Maize”
e1“N fertilization increased the crude protein (CP) content of different plant parts (stems, leaves, and ears), as well as at the whole plant level”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry matter water use efficiency increased with nitrogen rate.
Verbatim
e0“The dry matter water use efficiency (WUEDM) increased, while the partial-factor productivity of applied N decreased with an increasing N application rate.”
t0“Forage Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial-factor productivity of applied N decreased with nitrogen rate.
Verbatim
e0“The dry matter water use efficiency (WUEDM) increased, while the partial-factor productivity of applied N decreased with an increasing N application rate.”
t0“Forage Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
N70 increased two-year mean dry matter yield by 21.8% over N0.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with N0, the 2-year average dry matter yield under N70, N140, and N210 increased by 21.8%, 27.6%, and 38.2%, respectively”
t0“Forage Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
N140 increased two-year mean dry matter yield by 27.6% over N0.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with N0, the 2-year average dry matter yield under N70, N140, and N210 increased by 21.8%, 27.6%, and 38.2%, respectively”
t0“Forage Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
N210 increased two-year mean dry matter yield by 38.2% over N0.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with N0, the 2-year average dry matter yield under N70, N140, and N210 increased by 21.8%, 27.6%, and 38.2%, respectively”
t0“Forage Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
N70 increased water use efficiency by 19.1% over N0.
Verbatim
e0“while WUEDM increased by 19.1%, 28.7%, and 45.0%, respectively.”
t0“Forage Maize”
e1“Compared with N0, the 2-year average dry matter yield under N70, N140, and N210 increased by 21.8%, 27.6%, and 38.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
N140 increased water use efficiency by 28.7% over N0.
Verbatim
e0“while WUEDM increased by 19.1%, 28.7%, and 45.0%, respectively.”
t0“Forage Maize”
e1“Compared with N0, the 2-year average dry matter yield under N70, N140, and N210 increased by 21.8%, 27.6%, and 38.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
N210 increased water use efficiency by 45.0% over N0.
Verbatim
e0“while WUEDM increased by 19.1%, 28.7%, and 45.0%, respectively.”
t0“Forage Maize”
e1“Compared with N0, the 2-year average dry matter yield under N70, N140, and N210 increased by 21.8%, 27.6%, and 38.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
During normal rainfall, 2:8 topdressing produced higher dry matter yield, protein content and nitrogen recovery than 4:6.
Verbatim
e0“At the 2:8 basal topdressing ratio, the dry matter yield, CP content, and N recovery efficiency under all N application rates were higher at harvest compared to the 4:6 ratio during normal rainfall years”
t0“Forage Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
During dry years, 2:8 topdressing produced lower dry matter yield and water use efficiency than 4:6.
Verbatim
e0“dry matter yield and WUEDM were both lower compared to the 4:6 ratio during dry years”
t0“Forage Maize”
e1“At the 2:8 basal topdressing ratio, the dry matter yield, CP content, and N recovery efficiency under all N application rates were higher at harvest compared to the 4:6 ratio during normal rainfall years”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend 210 kg/ha N with a 2:8 basal topdressing ratio for normal rainfall years in the Chinese Loess Plateau.
Verbatim
e0“during a normal rainfall year, a N application rate of 210 kg/ha, with a basal topdressing ratio of 2:8 between the sowing and jointing stages, is considered the optimal N fertilizer application strategy to improve forage maize production in the semi-arid areas of the Chinese Loess Plateau.”
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