Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Previous work has shown that nanoencapsulation of atrazine enhances the herbicidal action of this active ingredient. This increased activity is expected to control weeds and not compromise the tolerance of maize plants to the herbicide. This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of maize plants to atrazine in postemergence application with different nanoformulations. Parameters of photosystem II (PSII) activity and growth of the maize plants in a greenhouse were evaluated after application of the formulations: conventional atrazine (ATZ), atrazine encapsulated in nanocapsules (NCs) of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL + ATZ), PCL coated with chitosan (PCL/CS + ATZ), and zein (ZN + ATZ), at doses of 1000 and 2000 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha –1, in addition to the three NCs formulations without a.i. Oxidative stress markers and the activity of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes were quantified only in plants applied with atrazine, PCL + ATZ, PCL/CS + ATZ, and ZN + ATZ at a dose of 2000 g a.i. ha –1 . All NC nanoformulations without a.i. were nontoxic to the physiology and growth of maize plants. Plants treated with ATZ developed up to 39% higher glutathione S-transferase activity and lower inhibition of PSII (on average 12%) compared to the nanoencapsulated herbicide. In contrast, PCL + ATZ, PCL/CS + ATZ, and ZN + ATZ induced higher antioxidant enzymatic activity in comparison to ATZ, like increases in ascorbate peroxidase (26%), catalase (95%), peroxidase (120%), and superoxide dismutase (41%). The effect on photosynthetic activity was transient for all formulations tested, with total recovery observed 14 days after application. Furthermore, ATZ, PCL + ATZ, PCL/CS + ATZ, and ZN + ATZ did not compromise maize plant growth. These results indicate that, under the evaluated conditions, maize plants remained tolerant to the active ingredient applied in a nanoencapsulated formulation.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Nanocapsules without active ingredient did not harm maize physiology or growth.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All NC nanoformulations without a.i. were nontoxic to the physiology and growth of maize plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional atrazine produced up to 39% higher glutathione S-transferase activity than nanoencapsulated herbicide.
- Treatment
- ATZe0
- Outcome
- glutathione S-transferase activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 39%e0
- Comparator
- nanoencapsulated herbicidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants treated with ATZ developed up to 39% higher glutathione S-transferase activity and lower inhibition of PSII (on average 12%) compared to the nanoencapsulated herbicide.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional atrazine caused lower PSII inhibition by 12% on average than nanoencapsulated herbicide.
- Treatment
- ATZe0
- Outcome
- inhibition of PSIIe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Comparator
- nanoencapsulated herbicidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants treated with ATZ developed up to 39% higher glutathione S-transferase activity and lower inhibition of PSII (on average 12%) compared to the nanoencapsulated herbicide.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoencapsulated atrazine increased ascorbate peroxidase activity by 26% relative to conventional atrazine.
- Treatment
- PCL + ATZ, PCL/CS + ATZ, and ZN + ATZe0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Comparator
- ATZe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PCL + ATZ, PCL/CS + ATZ, and ZN + ATZ induced higher antioxidant enzymatic activity in comparison to ATZ, like increases in ascorbate peroxidase (26%), catalase (95%), peroxidase (120%), and superoxide dismutase (41%).”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoencapsulated atrazine increased catalase activity by 95% relative to conventional atrazine.
- Treatment
- PCL + ATZ, PCL/CS + ATZ, and ZN + ATZe0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 95%e0
- Comparator
- ATZe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PCL + ATZ, PCL/CS + ATZ, and ZN + ATZ induced higher antioxidant enzymatic activity in comparison to ATZ, like increases in ascorbate peroxidase (26%), catalase (95%), peroxidase (120%), and superoxide dismutase (41%).”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoencapsulated atrazine increased peroxidase activity by 120% relative to conventional atrazine.
- Treatment
- PCL + ATZ, PCL/CS + ATZ, and ZN + ATZe0
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 120%e0
- Comparator
- ATZe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PCL + ATZ, PCL/CS + ATZ, and ZN + ATZ induced higher antioxidant enzymatic activity in comparison to ATZ, like increases in ascorbate peroxidase (26%), catalase (95%), peroxidase (120%), and superoxide dismutase (41%).”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoencapsulated atrazine increased superoxide dismutase activity by 41% relative to conventional atrazine.
- Treatment
- PCL + ATZ, PCL/CS + ATZ, and ZN + ATZe0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 41%e0
- Comparator
- ATZe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PCL + ATZ, PCL/CS + ATZ, and ZN + ATZ induced higher antioxidant enzymatic activity in comparison to ATZ, like increases in ascorbate peroxidase (26%), catalase (95%), peroxidase (120%), and superoxide dismutase (41%).”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic activity recovered fully 14 days after application of all formulations.
- Treatment
- all formulations testede0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic activitye0
- Direction
- total recoverye0
- Value
- 14 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect on photosynthetic activity was transient for all formulations tested, with total recovery observed 14 days after application.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither conventional nor nanoencapsulated atrazine compromised maize growth.
- Treatment
- ATZ, PCL + ATZ, PCL/CS + ATZ, and ZN + ATZe0
- Outcome
- maize plant growthe0
- Direction
- did not compromisee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ATZ, PCL + ATZ, PCL/CS + ATZ, and ZN + ATZ did not compromise maize plant growth.”
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