Abstract
Metal pollution in agricultural soils is imparting devastating influence on the growth and yield of crop plants. Therefore, role of gibberellic acid (GA3; 100 mg L− 1) priming and the foliar spray of spermine (Spm; 200 µM) in mitigating the effects of mercury (Hg; 20 µM) stress on growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and nutrient uptake were studied in tomato. Mercury (Hg) significantly reduced plant height, fresh and dry weight, chlorophylls, carotenoids and photosynthetic parameters significantly however, GA3 and Spm treatments alleviated the decline considerably. Oxidative damage parameters were reduced notably by GA3 and Spm with their combined treatment imparting higher decline. The decline in nitrogen metabolism enzymes was assuaged by GA3 and Spm. Content of compatible osmolytes further increased due to GA3 and Spm treatments. Treatments of GA3 and Spm increased the activities of γ-glutamyl kinase and proline oxidase causing increased proline buildup. Moreover, the activities of antioxidant and glyoxylase cycle enzymes, and the content of ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione and cysteine increased significantly due to the GA3 priming and Spm supplementation. Total phenols and the total antioxidant activity interms of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging increased due to GA3 and Spm treatments. Exogenous GA3 and Spm reduced the accumulation of Hg and alleviated the decline in beneficial nutrients. The oxidative effects of Hg stress were alleviated by GA and Spm treatments, more apparently due to their combined treatment. Results reflect the interactive effect of GA and Spm on the important tolerance mechanisms.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Mercury significantly reduced tomato height and fresh and dry weight.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Mercury (Hg)e0
- Outcome
- plant height, fresh and dry weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mercury (Hg) significantly reduced plant height, fresh and dry weight, chlorophylls, carotenoids and photosynthetic parameters significantly”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Mercury significantly reduced chlorophylls, carotenoids and photosynthetic parameters.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Mercury (Hg)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophylls, carotenoids and photosynthetic parameterse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mercury (Hg) significantly reduced plant height, fresh and dry weight, chlorophylls, carotenoids and photosynthetic parameters significantly”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 alleviated the mercury-associated decline in growth and photosynthetic traits.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GA3e0
- Outcome
- declinee0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA3 and Spm treatments alleviated the decline considerably”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Spm alleviated the mercury-associated decline in growth and photosynthetic traits.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Spme0
- Outcome
- declinee0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA3 and Spm treatments alleviated the decline considerably”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 and Spm reduced oxidative damage, with a greater reduction from the combined treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GA3 and Spme0
- Outcome
- Oxidative damage parameterse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- combined treatment imparting higher declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oxidative damage parameters were reduced notably by GA3 and Spm with their combined treatment imparting higher decline”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 and Spm assuaged declines in nitrogen metabolism enzymes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GA3 and Spme0
- Outcome
- nitrogen metabolism enzymese0
- Direction
- assuagede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The decline in nitrogen metabolism enzymes was assuaged by GA3 and Spm”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 and Spm increased compatible osmolyte content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GA3 and Spm treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Content of compatible osmolytese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Content of compatible osmolytes further increased due to GA3 and Spm treatments”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 and Spm increased gamma-glutamyl kinase and proline oxidase activities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GA3 and Spme0
- Outcome
- activities of γ-glutamyl kinase and proline oxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments of GA3 and Spm increased the activities of γ-glutamyl kinase and proline oxidase causing increased proline buildup”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 and Spm increased proline buildup.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GA3 and Spme0
- Outcome
- proline buildupe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments of GA3 and Spm increased the activities of γ-glutamyl kinase and proline oxidase causing increased proline buildup”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 priming and Spm supplementation significantly increased antioxidant and glyoxylase cycle enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GA3 priming and Spm supplementatione0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant and glyoxylase cycle enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activities of antioxidant and glyoxylase cycle enzymes, and the content of ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione and cysteine increased significantly due to the GA3 priming and Spm supplementation”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 priming and Spm supplementation significantly increased ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione and cysteine content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GA3 priming and Spm supplementatione0
- Outcome
- content of ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione and cysteinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activities of antioxidant and glyoxylase cycle enzymes, and the content of ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione and cysteine increased significantly due to the GA3 priming and Spm supplementation”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 and Spm increased total phenols and antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GA3 and Spm treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Total phenols and the total antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total phenols and the total antioxidant activity interms of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging increased due to GA3 and Spm treatments”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GA3 and Spm reduced Hg accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Exogenous GA3 and Spme0
- Outcome
- accumulation of Hge0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous GA3 and Spm reduced the accumulation of Hg and alleviated the decline in beneficial nutrients”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous GA3 and Spm alleviated the decline in beneficial nutrients.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Exogenous GA3 and Spme0
- Outcome
- beneficial nutrientse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous GA3 and Spm reduced the accumulation of Hg and alleviated the decline in beneficial nutrients”
t0“tomato seedlings”
The same questions in other papers
spermine · physiology: osmolytes · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
spermine · molecular: metabolites · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Gibberellic acid · nutrient: content · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
mercury atom · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Gibberellic acid · physiology: osmolytes · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Gibberellic acid · physiology: enzyme activity · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
spermine · physiology: oxidative · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Gibberellic acid · physiology: oxidative · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.