Abstract
Abstract Phytohormones mediate physiological, morphological, and enzymatic responses and are important regulators of plant growth and development at different stages. Even though temperature is one of the most important abiotic stressors for plant development and production, a spike in the temperature may have disastrous repercussions for crop performance. Physiology and growth of two tomato genotypes ('Ahmar' and 'Roma') were studied in two growth chambers (25 and 45 °C) when gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) was applied exogenously. After the 45 days of planting, tomato plants were sprayed with GA 3 at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L −1 , whereas untreated plants were kept as control. Under both temperature conditions, shoot and root biomass was greatest in 'Roma' plants receiving 75 mg L −1 GA 3 , followed by 50 mg L −1 GA 3 . Maximum CO 2 index, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and greenness index were recorded in 'Roma' plants cultivated at 25 °C, demonstrating good effects of GA 3 on tomato physiology. Likewise, GA 3 enhanced the proline, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels in the leaves of both genotypes at both temperatures. Foliar-sprayed GA 3 up to 100 mg L −1 alleviated the oxidative stress, as inferred from the lower concentrations of MDA and H 2 O 2, and boosted the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase. The difference between control and GA 3 -treated heat-stressed plants suggests that GA 3 may have a function in mitigating heat stress. Overall, our findings indicate that 75 mg L −1 of GA 3 is the optimal dosage to reduce heat stress in tomatoes and improve their morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Roma shoot and root biomass was greatest under 75 mg L −1 GA 3 at both temperatures.
- Material
- 'Roma'e0
- Treatment
- 75 mg L −1 GA 3e0
- Outcome
- shoot and root biomasse0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Comparator
- 50 mg L −1 GA 3e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Under both temperature conditions, shoot and root biomass was greatest in 'Roma' plants receiving 75 mg L −1 GA 3 , followed by 50 mg L −1 GA 3 .”
Claim · model-written summary
CO 2 index was maximal in Roma at 25 °C.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Material
- 'Roma'e0
- Outcome
- CO 2 indexe0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Setting
- 25 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum CO 2 index, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and greenness index were recorded in 'Roma' plants cultivated at 25 °C, demonstrating good effects of GA 3 on tomato physiology.”
Claim · model-written summary
photosynthetic rate was maximal in Roma at 25 °C.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- 'Roma'e0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Setting
- 25 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum CO 2 index, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and greenness index were recorded in 'Roma' plants cultivated at 25 °C, demonstrating good effects of GA 3 on tomato physiology.”
Claim · model-written summary
transpiration rate was maximal in Roma at 25 °C.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- 'Roma'e0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Setting
- 25 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum CO 2 index, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and greenness index were recorded in 'Roma' plants cultivated at 25 °C, demonstrating good effects of GA 3 on tomato physiology.”
Claim · model-written summary
greenness index was maximal in Roma at 25 °C.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- 'Roma'e0
- Outcome
- greenness indexe0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Setting
- 25 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum CO 2 index, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and greenness index were recorded in 'Roma' plants cultivated at 25 °C, demonstrating good effects of GA 3 on tomato physiology.”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 3 enhanced leaf proline in both genotypes at both temperatures.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, GA 3 enhanced the proline, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels in the leaves of both genotypes at both temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 3 enhanced leaf nitrogen in both genotypes at both temperatures.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, GA 3 enhanced the proline, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels in the leaves of both genotypes at both temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 3 enhanced leaf phosphorus in both genotypes at both temperatures.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, GA 3 enhanced the proline, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels in the leaves of both genotypes at both temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 3 enhanced leaf potassium in both genotypes at both temperatures.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, GA 3 enhanced the proline, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels in the leaves of both genotypes at both temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar GA 3 lower MDA.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Foliar-sprayed GA 3 up to 100 mg L −1 alleviated the oxidative stress, as inferred from the lower concentrations of MDA and H 2 O 2, and boosted the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar GA 3 lower H 2 O 2.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Foliar-sprayed GA 3 up to 100 mg L −1 alleviated the oxidative stress, as inferred from the lower concentrations of MDA and H 2 O 2, and boosted the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar GA 3 boosted superoxide dismutase.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Foliar-sprayed GA 3 up to 100 mg L −1 alleviated the oxidative stress, as inferred from the lower concentrations of MDA and H 2 O 2, and boosted the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar GA 3 boosted peroxidase.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Foliar-sprayed GA 3 up to 100 mg L −1 alleviated the oxidative stress, as inferred from the lower concentrations of MDA and H 2 O 2, and boosted the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar GA 3 boosted catalase.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Foliar-sprayed GA 3 up to 100 mg L −1 alleviated the oxidative stress, as inferred from the lower concentrations of MDA and H 2 O 2, and boosted the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 75 mg L −1 GA 3 to reduce heat stress in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- 75 mg L −1 of GA 3 is the optimal dosage to reduce heat stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, our findings indicate that 75 mg L −1 of GA 3 is the optimal dosage to reduce heat stress in tomatoes and improve their morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics.”
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