Abstract
Organic amendments, such as straw, biochar, and animal manure, have been demonstrated to enhance soil phosphorus (P) availability effectively; however, the long-term impacts and underlying mechanisms require further study. Based on a long-term field experiment, this research systematically analyzed the effects of biochar (BIO), biochar-based fertilizer (BF), straw-returning (CS), and pig manure compost (PMC) on soil phosphorus transformation and crop phosphorus uptake. Results showed that biochar significantly boosted soil available phosphorus (AP) by releasing soluble phosphorus, raising soil pH, reducing phosphorus fixation by iron and aluminum oxides, and enhancing soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) to promote phosphorus dissolution and transformation. Notably, biochar increased the proportion of NaOH-P, facilitating phosphorus accumulation in peanut grains and improving the phosphorus harvest index and utilization efficiency. Straw-returning primarily elevated soil AP by promoting organic phosphorus mineralization and inorganic phosphorus release; however, its acidification of the soil impaired phosphorus translocation to grains, resulting in lower phosphorus-use efficiency compared to biochar. Pig manure compost reduced soil phosphorus fixation and increased soil total organic carbon (TOC), thereby boosting phosphorus transformation. Despite enhancing phosphorus dry-matter production in plants, most phosphorus remained in stems and leaves, with limited translocation to grains, leading to lower phosphorus-use efficiency than biochar. In conclusion, biochar was most effective in enhancing soil phosphorus availability and crop phosphorus-use efficiency, highlighting its potential in sustainable soil fertility management and optimized crop production.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar significantly boosted soil available phosphorus in a long-term field experiment.
- Taxon
- Peanut
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- biochar (BIO)e1
- Outcome
- soil available phosphorus (AP)e2
- Direction
- boostede2
- Setting
- long-term field experimente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“biochar significantly boosted soil available phosphorus (AP)”
e1“Based on a long-term field experiment, this research systematically analyzed the effects of biochar (BIO), biochar-based fertilizer (BF), straw-returning (CS), and pig manure compost (PMC) on soil phosphorus transformation and crop phosphorus uptake”
t0“Peanut Uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased the proportion of NaOH-P in soil.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- biochare3
- Outcome
- proportion of NaOH-Pe3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“biochar increased the proportion of NaOH-P, facilitating phosphorus accumulation in peanut grains”
t0“Peanut Uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased phosphorus accumulation in peanut grains.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- biochare3
- Outcome
- phosphorus accumulation in peanut grainse3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“biochar increased the proportion of NaOH-P, facilitating phosphorus accumulation in peanut grains”
t0“Peanut Uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar improved the phosphorus harvest index and phosphorus utilization efficiency of peanut.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- biochare3
- Outcome
- phosphorus harvest index and utilization efficiencye4
- Direction
- improvinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“improving the phosphorus harvest index and utilization efficiency”
e3“biochar increased the proportion of NaOH-P, facilitating phosphorus accumulation in peanut grains”
t0“Peanut Uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw-returning elevated soil available phosphorus.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Straw-returninge5
- Outcome
- soil APe5
- Direction
- elevatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Straw-returning primarily elevated soil AP by promoting organic phosphorus mineralization and inorganic phosphorus release”
t0“Peanut Uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw-returning gave lower phosphorus-use efficiency than biochar.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Straw-returninge5
- Outcome
- phosphorus-use efficiencye6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Comparator
- biochare6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“its acidification of the soil impaired phosphorus translocation to grains, resulting in lower phosphorus-use efficiency compared to biochar”
e5“Straw-returning primarily elevated soil AP by promoting organic phosphorus mineralization and inorganic phosphorus release”
t0“Peanut Uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw-returning impaired phosphorus translocation to peanut grains through soil acidification.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Straw-returninge5
- Outcome
- phosphorus translocation to grainse6
- Direction
- impairede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“its acidification of the soil impaired phosphorus translocation to grains, resulting in lower phosphorus-use efficiency compared to biochar”
e5“Straw-returning primarily elevated soil AP by promoting organic phosphorus mineralization and inorganic phosphorus release”
t0“Peanut Uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Pig manure compost reduced soil phosphorus fixation.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Pig manure composte7
- Outcome
- soil phosphorus fixatione7
- Direction
- reducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Pig manure compost reduced soil phosphorus fixation and increased soil total organic carbon (TOC)”
t0“Peanut Uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Pig manure compost increased soil total organic carbon.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Pig manure composte7
- Outcome
- soil total organic carbon (TOC)e7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Pig manure compost reduced soil phosphorus fixation and increased soil total organic carbon (TOC)”
t0“Peanut Uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Pig manure compost enhanced phosphorus dry-matter production in plants.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Pig manure composte7
- Outcome
- phosphorus dry-matter productione6
- Direction
- enhancinge6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Despite enhancing phosphorus dry-matter production in plants, most phosphorus remained in stems and leaves, with limited translocation to grains”
e7“Pig manure compost reduced soil phosphorus fixation and increased soil total organic carbon (TOC)”
t0“Peanut Uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Most phosphorus under pig manure compost remained in peanut stems and leaves, with limited translocation to grains.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Pig manure composte7
- Outcome
- most phosphorus remained in stems and leavese6
- Qualifier
- limited translocation to grainse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Despite enhancing phosphorus dry-matter production in plants, most phosphorus remained in stems and leaves, with limited translocation to grains”
e7“Pig manure compost reduced soil phosphorus fixation and increased soil total organic carbon (TOC)”
t0“Peanut Uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Pig manure compost gave lower phosphorus-use efficiency than biochar.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Pig manure composte7
- Outcome
- phosphorus-use efficiencye6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Comparator
- biochare6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“leading to lower phosphorus-use efficiency than biochar”
e7“Pig manure compost reduced soil phosphorus fixation and increased soil total organic carbon (TOC)”
t0“Peanut Uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar was the most effective amendment for soil phosphorus availability and crop phosphorus-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- PeanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- biochare6
- Outcome
- soil phosphorus availability and crop phosphorus-use efficiencye6
- Direction
- most effectivee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“biochar was most effective in enhancing soil phosphorus availability and crop phosphorus-use efficiency”
t0“Peanut Uptake”
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